Chapter 1
The act by which the mind grasps the concept or general meaning of an object without affirming or denying anything about it.
What is simple apprehension?
comprehension and extension
What are the two properties of simple apprehension?
signification and supposition
What are two properties of terms?
A sentence or statement which expresses truth or falsity
What is a proposition?
A: All S is P; I: Some S is P; E: No S is P; O: Some S is not P
What are the four basic categorical propositions (statements) in logic?
An argument is sound when it is both true and valid.
What is soundness in the study of logic?
The process by which a simple apprehension is derived from a sense perception and mental image.
What is abstraction?
A word or group of words which verbally expresses a concept
What is a term?
The act by which the intellect unites by affirming or separates by denying. The mental act whose verbal expression is a proposition.
What is a judgement?
Universal – says something about all members of the class referred to by the subject (A and E statements) Particular – says something only about some members of the class referred to by the subject (I and O statements)
What are the two quantities of propositions?
The act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching.
What is sense perception?
The essence of a thing. The completely and articulated sum of the intelligible aspects, or elements (notes), represented by a concept.
A term that has exactly the same meaning no matter when or how it is used. Examples: tablesaw, photosynthesis
the form which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically. It must contain a subject-term (noun), copula (is, am, are), and predicate-term (noun).
What is the logical form of a sentence?
Affirmative – affirms the subject (A and I statements) Negative – negates the subject (E and O statements)
What are the two qualities of propositions?
The image that forms in your mind after perceiving it with your senses.
What is mental image?
The things to which the essence applies.
What is extension?
Terms that are applied to different things but have related meanings. Examples: "set of wheels"
What are analogous terms?
subject-term predicate-term copula (form of to be)
What are the parts of a proposition?
All men are mortal is an example of what?
Affirmative and Universal
1. We perceive a thing with our senses. 2. We have a mental image of the thing. 3. We conceive the meaning of the thing.
What three things occur during simple apprehension?
A featherless biped.
Terms that have entirely different an unrelated meanings, even though they are spelled and pronounced alike. Examples: plane, jar
What are equivocal terms?
Peter is a man. (Proposition or not)
What is a proposition?
Some men are not mortal is an example of what?
Negative, particular