Chapter 12
With what does a statement's quantity have to do.
Whether a statement is universal or particular.
State the subcontrary of the following proposition...
Some ducks are purple.
Some ducks are not purple.
What are the 3 was to convert propositions into their logical equivalents?
obversion, conversion, contraposition
What is the verbal expression of Deductive Inference?
Syllogism
In how many ways can Terminological Rule #1 be violated?
2
If the definition of distribution is the status of a term in regard to its extension. With what does extension have to do?
Extension has to do with how much a term refers to.
State the subaltern of the following proposition...
No billy goats are gruff.
Some billy goats are not gruff.
Contraposition can only be used with which categorial statements?
A and O
Finish this sentence... Reasoning is the act by which the mind acquires new knowledge by means of......
what is already knows.
Terminological Rule #1 states, "There must be ____"
3 and only 3 terms
Syllogisms that violate Rule III are said to commit what fallacy?
The Fallacy of Illicit Process.
What kind of statement has both a distributed subject and a distributed predicate?
E or Universal Negative
Convert this proposition...
No dogs are reptiles.
No reptiles are dogs.
The Essential Law of Argumentation states, "If the antecedent is true, ____"
the consequent must also be true.
Terminological Rule #2 states, "The middle term..."
must not occur in the conclusion
WHITE BOARD: Indicate the Rule that is violated in the following syllogism. Indicate the minor, major, or middle terms and whether the terms are distributed.
All victories are glorious. No defeat is a victory. Therefore no defeat is glorious.
Rule III. Illicit Major
Two parts question...
Does an A statement have a distributed subject?
And does an A statement have a distributed predicate?
yes
no
Obvert this proposition....
All babies are cute.
No babies are not cute.
What are the two kinds of reasoning?
Deduction and Induction
What fallacy has been committed in the following syllogism?
All kings are powerful.
No queens are men
Therefore, some men are powerful
Fallacy of four terms
WHITE BOARD: Rule IV states that the middle term must be distributed at least once. Indicate whether this syllogism violates this rule and label the major, minor, and middle terms indicating whether they are distributed as well.
All Gorgons have snaky hair. Medusa has snaky hair. Therefore, Medusa is a Gorgon.
Violates Rule IV: Fallacy of Undistributed Middle
Two part question....
Can subalterns both be true? Can they both be false?
yes
yes
Give the contraposition of this proposition...
All frogs are amphibians.
1.) Obvert: All frogs are amphibians.
2.) Convert: No non-amphibians are frogs.
3.) Obvert: All non amphibians are not frogs.
What are the three terms in a syllogism called and where will you find them all?
Major term - predicate of the conclusion
Minor term - subject of the conclusion
Middle term - appears in both premises but not in the conclusion
What fallacy has been committed in the following syllogism?
All badgers live in banks.
All the banks are on Baltimore Street.
Therefore, all badgers live on Baltimore Street.
Fallacy of Equivocation