The Renaissance
The meaning of Renaissance
Rebirth or Revival
The very powerful institution that was actually "reformed" during the Reformation
The Catholic Church
These two sources served as the basis of knowledge about the laws of nature and our world before 1500
1. The Bible and other religious teachings
2. Classical works from philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy
The nickname given to this Enlightenment period
"___________ of _____________"
Age of Reason
This disease wiped out 25+ million people throughout Europe during the 14th century
The Black Death
The birthplace of the Renaissance
Italian City-States
Define: Indulgences
A pardon for sins that could be bought from the Catholic Church... one of Martin Luther's biggest issues with the Catholic Church
This theory placed the sun at the center of the universe, NOT the earth, as had been widely accepted for generations
Heliocentric Theory
This type of government was promoted by Thomas Hobbes due to his belief that humans were naturally selfish and could not handle power
Absolute Monarchy
This invention in 1608 allowed Galileo to observe space and celestial bodies to be able to prove the Heliocentric Theory to be true
The Telescope
Renaissance thinkers revived works and ways of thinking from these two places in order to revive European culture
Classical Greece and Rome
Martin Luther and his followers eventually lead this movement, creating multiple denominations (branches) of Christianity during this period of time
Protestant Revolution
This idea allowed for unbiased and repeatable scientific experimentation to be able to prove observations made in the world
The Scientific Method
This French thinker argued for a separation of power in government and a 3 branch system
Montesquieu
The political/social system that dominated European life during the Middle Ages and led to stagnation in society
Feudalism
The Renaissance directly follows this time period of plague, death, wars, and famine in European history
Middle Ages
The Catholic Church underwent this transformation, admitting the fact it had issues and tried to fix them
The Counter-Reformation
List at least 3 factors that led to the birth of Modern Science and new scientific ways of thinking after the year 1500
1. Universities providing higher education opportunities
2. Overseas trade/exploration brought new ideas
3. Discovery of new lands exploded old ways of thinking and knowledge about people, land, and animals
4. Sea voyages providing new knowledge about navigation and mapmaking
5. Increased funding into research and knowledge into these fields
Identify the 2 main points of Adam Smith's thoughts on how a society's economy should be organized
1. Free market system based on competition (Capitalism)
2. Economic system must help support the poor
The first person to propose the Heliocentric Theory (sun at the center) in 1543 who was largely ignored at the time
Nicolas Copernicus
This popular Renaissance philosophy emphasized the worth of the individual and secular thought
Humanism
1. The more common language Martin Luther decided to publish The Bible and his works in during the Reformation
2. The major invention that allowed for more efficient and cheaper production of books, that allowed information and knowledge to spread
1. German, spoken by the common man
2. The Printing Press
The discovery of these two laws of nature made by Sir Isaac Newton are largely credited with marking the "end" of the Scientific Revolution
1. Law of Gravity
2. Laws of Motion
In your own words, define John Locke's idea of a social contract and how it applied to society and government
An agreement between the people and their government in which the people allow themselves to be ruled in exchange for protection of their natural rights
If this contract is broken and those protections are not in place, society should overthrow their government and install a new one
Enlightenment period thoughts and ideas about society and government heavily inspired and provided foundations for revolutions in these 3 countries
1. America
2. France
3. Haiti