Direct Techniques
“café → кафе”
borrowing
Мне 20 лет → I am 20
modulation
“Greenhouse → теплица”
adaptation
“Make homework” ❌
“Do homework” → adaptation
“Это не сложно”
“It is not difficult” → literal
“It’s easy” → modulation
“skyscraper → небоскрёб”
calque
“It is not difficult → Это легко”
modulation
“Make yourself at home → Чувствуй себя как дома”
adaptation
“He very likes it” ❌
“He really likes it” → transposition
“Он принял решение”
“He accepted a decision” ❌
“He made a decision” ✅
“I live in London → Я живу в Лондоне”
literal translation
“He is easy to please → Ему легко угодить”
transposition
“I am happy → Я счастлив”
literal
“She is very sympathetic” (о внешности) ❌
“She is very pretty” → adaptation
“Она разбила мне сердце”
“She broke my heart”
“computer → компьютер”
borrowing
“He kicked the bucket → Он умер”
adaptation
He is interesting- Он интересен
transposition
“I have 20 years” ❌
“I am 20” → modulation
“Мне холодно”
“I am cold”
“I feel cold”
“I’m freezing”