Influential Figures
This key figure discovered the "learning processes" now referred to as "respondent conditioning"
Ivan P. Pavlov
Which of these is not considered a Basic Behavioral Mechanism
A. Positive Reinforcement
B. Negative Reinforcement
C. Concurrent Operant
D. Behavior Momentum
E. They are all considered basic behavioral mechanisms.
E. They are all considered basic behavioral mechanisms.
N=1 designs is also known as:
A. Single Case Design
B. Multiple-Case Design
C. Retrospective-Case Design
D. Embedded Case Design.
A. Single Case Design
What is an Extraneous Variable? Give an example.
Extraneous variables are events that can influence behavior or the result but are not the included independent or dependent variable.
One example can be: In the article from yesterday, what if the bar scene added to the effect of results? If so, it could be an extraneous variable!
What is a Dependent Variable and an Independent Variable
The Dependent Variable is normally the behavior or topic you're analyzing. Its normally synonymous with the measurement system being used to record the behavior.
The Independent Variable: Its normally the intervention or the variable in an experiment in which you can remove, add, or alter to see its effect on the dependent variable!
This figure is one of the most famous behaviorists. This figure is known for an experiment in which a rodent or pigeon would press a lever to receive food.
B.F. Skinner
What is Continuity Assumption?
Derived from evolutionary biology, that is based on physiological, anatomical, and behavioral characteristics being genetically conserved across species, with subsequent species elaborating (and incorporating) features from which they had evolved. (p.23).
Ex: behaviors in rodents or pigeons may be similar to behaviors of human beings.
True!
Bonus: Single-case designs are not a single type of experimental design but "an overarching approach to experimentation that has multiple variations." (p. 16)
Can you use the phrase Functional Relation and Functional Relationship interchangeably?
With The Merriam-Webster (dictionary) definition of relationship
the term Functional Relationship assumes a social and interpersonal meaning that goes beyond the demonstration of experimental control among the DV and IV. (p.37)
What are some threats to internal validity?
History effects
Maturation effects
Testing Effects
Instrumentation Effects
Regression to the mean
Participant Selection Bias
Selective Attrition of Participants
Interaction between Selective Attrition and Other Threats!
Were any of these listed class?
This key figure brought a "biologically based" perspective to psychology. His perspective was that "only events that were observable by others should be the subject matter of experimental psychology."
This quickly became to referred to as Behaviorism
John B. Watson
What is "Translational Research"
Its the "transition" from preclinical research or discoveries in a laboratory to becoming a clinical application or effective treatment for the population.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs.
What is a Function Relation?
Having consistent effects on the DV through manipulation of the IV.
Why is it important to establish "baselines" in a study?
We need somewhere to start and its important to establish initial patterns of behavior!
This figure is often referred to as the "father of Russian physiology" and a international pioneer in neurophysiology. Using techniques from his training in biology and medicine; he began to study human behavior via neural processes.
Ivan M. Sechenov
Describe Skinner's Schedule of Reinforcement
Are Single Case Designs:
A. Vaganotic
B. Nomothetic
C. Idemnotic
C. Idemnotic
The goal is to experimentally analyze individual cases in search of the mechanism of change! (p. 16).
Why is it important to have precise language in research?
You don't want to confuse the readers (regardless of their level of knowledge in the subject)
Using superfluous words or being vague are avoided because it leads to confusion.
Research is a precise endeavor to something that isn't well understood (most of the time). Its important to describe what is being done and what the actual results are.
The reason why its referred to as _____ variable is that if a functional relation is established, the level of behavior being measured is ______ on the presence or absence of the _________ variable.
Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
This key figure labeled a type of learning as the "law of effect". Similar to a biologist, this figure utilized a "modeling system" to analyze how learning occurred.
Model Systems are experiments that use an analogous situation in a nonhuman species to analyze the effects and mechanisms influencing the phenomenon of interest in humans. (p. 20).
Edward L. Thorndike
What is a Single-Case Design?
A single-case design is used to demonstrate experimental control within a single participant. One person is both the control and the experimental participant!
Can the brain be part of analysis of behavior?
Yes! With the advancements of technology and neuroscience; we can now see direct measurements of events happening in the brain!
In short: If there is a measurable change (not just assumptions or inferences) we can analyze that data and compare it the with behavior. (p.17).
Give an example of using precise language in your study.
What does the class think?
Give an example of your studies Independent Variable and the hypothesized effect on the dependent variable!
What does the class think!?