Blood
What is the main function of red blood cells?
To transport oxygen around the body using haemoglobin.
3 types of blood vessels and the type of blood they carry
Arteries - Oxygenated
Capillaries - Connect veins and arteries (both)
Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?
It needs to GENERATE enough pressure to pump blood around the body.
What is the main function of the immune system?
To protect the body against pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
What chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
Right ventricle
Which component of the blood helps with clotting when you get a cut?
Platelets.
Function of a valve
To stop back flow of blood // to keep blood flow unidirectional.
Ventricles pump blood where?
Out of the heart (Right = lungs, Left = Body)
What type of white blood cell engulfs and digests pathogens?
Phagocytes.
What direction and type of blood moves through veins and arteries
V: Deoxygenated toward heart
A: Oxygenated away from heart
What is the name of the liquid part of the blood and what does it transport?
Plasma - Hormones, glucose, nutrients, waste products e.g. urea and CO2.
1 x Adaptation and benefit of capillaries
Thin wall means smaller diffusion distance = efficient O2 to cells and carbon dioxide out of cells
What is CHD and give 2 factors that increase risk.
Blockage in the coronary arteries (atheroma).
1. Smoking, obesity --> increase BP. Puts strain on heart.
2. High fat diet --> build up of cholesterol in CA.
3. Low exercise --> Weakens hear muscles
4. Genetics --> Increase risk
What do lymphocytes produce to help destroy specific pathogens? (2)
Antibodies and memory cells.
What effect does exercise and/or adrenaline have on heart rate?
50 points for each correct use of the words:
Respiration, lactic acid, CO2, Oxygen, BPM
Exercise increases energy demand so heart beats faster (more BPM) to get more oxygen to the cells for respiration and removal of CO2 and lactic acid quicker.
How do white blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens? (Give two ways and their names).
White blood cells engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) and lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy them.
Renal artery blood flow
Away from the heart towards the kidney
Why do humans have a septum to separate left and right in their heart?
To keep the deoxygenate and oxygenated blood separate. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood go to different places - so no mixing.
How do vaccines protect us from disease? (Give two ways.)
Vaccines introduce a weakened or inactive form of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response. Memory cells are then produced, which allow a faster response if the real pathogen enters the body in the future.
Match the words with the correct part of the body:
a) Pulmonary (b) hepatic (c) renal (d) coronary
* kidney *lungs *heart *liver *stomach.
Pulmonary - lungs
Hepatic - Liver
Renal - Kidney
Coronary - Heart
Why do red blood cells have no nucleus, and how does this help their function?
They have no nucleus to allow more space for haemoglobin, increasing their oxygen-carrying capacity. Fixed but flexible shape to get through capillaries.
Give 2 structural differences between Veins and arteries
V: Valves, wider lumen, thinner walls
A: No valves, narrow lumen, thicker walls
Give the flow of blood from the vena cava to aorta.
Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta
Give the process of phagocytosis. Use the words: Waste, enzymes, expelled, engulf.
Phagocytes engulf bacteria. When inside, digestive enzymes break down bacteria and waste products are expelled.
Give two structural adaptations of white blood cells compared to red blood cells.
WBC: Flexible membrane to engulf bacteria.
RBC: Fixed shape but flexible.
WBC: Ribosomes, and organelles to make digestive enzymes or antibodies.
RBC: No nucleus to maximise