Bleeding & Shock
What are the three major types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
What is the objective of splinting and the rules of splinting?
Reduce Pain (position of comfort), Prevent further injury, reduce or prevent swelling, prevent a closed injury from becoming an open injury, and prevent blood loss.
The adjacent joints and bone ends must be immobilized.
A fracture of two or more consecutive ribs in two or more places.
Flail Chest
List the 3 layers of the skin
Epidermis
Dermis
subcutaneous Layer
Signs & Symptoms of skull/Brain injuries
Deformity to the skull, Unequal pupils, Battle signs (bruising around the ears), Raccoon eyes (battle signs - bruising/discoloration of soft tissue under the eyes), Blood or clear water-like fluid in the ears or nose, AMS (personality changes), irregular breathing pattern, blurred vision, seizures, vomiting, decorticate or decerebrate posturing.
The body's inability to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients.
Hypoperfusion
What is a tendon?
What is a ligament?
Tendons are bands of connective tissue that bind muscle to bones. It allows for the power of movement across the joints. (MTB = Muscle-Tendon-Bone)
Ligaments are connective tissue that supports joints, attaching the bone ends and allowing for a stable range of motion. (BLB = Bone - Ligament - Bone).
Air in the chest cavity
blood in the chest cavity
air and blood in the chest cavity
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Hemopneumothorax
List 3 types of closed Wounds
List 6 types of open wounds
Closed wounds - Contusions, Hematomas. Closed Crushed Injuries
Open Wounds - Abrasions, Lacerations, Penetrating, Avulsions, Amputations, Open crushed injuries.
Increased pressure in the skull with Bradycardia and Hypertension is called:
Cushings Reflex (Triad)
List 4 different ways to control bleeding
Direct Pressure w/ pressure dressing
Wound Packing
Hemostatic Agents
Tourniquet
List the ways the body loses heat
Conduction - Convection - Radiation - Evaporation - Respiration
List the solid organs in the abdomen
List the hollow organs in the abdomen
Solid - Kidneys (retroperitoneal), Liver, Pancreas, Spleen
Hollow - Gallbladder, Large & Small Intestines, Stomach, Bladder
Name 4 types of burns
Thermal
Chemical
Radiation
Electrical
What are some of the MOI associated with spine injuries
Falls higher than 3 feet (1 meter) or down more than five flights of stairs.
Axial loading (Compression) injuries (diving)
High-speed MVAs - especially rollovers
ATVs
Bicycle collisions
List 3 other methods that help with bleeding control
Elevation
Splinting
Cold application
Name two scuba diving accidents
Air Embolism
Decompression Sickness (The bends)
Explain the Mechanism of Inhalation
Inhalation: The diaphragm contracts and flattens. At the same time, the muscles between the ribs, known as intercostal muscles, flex and expand the chest wall outward. This causes the chest cavity to increase in size. Expansion causes negative pressure to be created within the lung spaces, and this negative pressure pulls air in through the trachea. Active Process.
The patient's entire lower limb is rotated outward, and the hip is usually flexed.
The patient's leg is rotated inward, the hip is flexed, and the knee is bent. The foot may hang loose (foot drop), and the patient cannot flex the foot or lift the toes.
Anterior hip dislocation
Posterior hip dislocation (more common)
Name 3 possible cranial hematomas
Subdural - when blood collects between the skull and the surface of the brain
Epidural -is a collection of blood that forms between your skull and the dura mater, the outermost protective membrane covering your brain.
Intracerebral - An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull. The blood may collect in the brain tissue or underneath the skull, pressing on the brain.
Names the 5 functions of the blood
Transportation of gasses
Nutrition
Excretion
Protection
Regulation
At what decreased body temperature does the body begin to have signs of AMS?
91.5 degrees F (33 degrees C)
What is Becks Triad?
Distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds, narrowing pulse pressure, and sometimes hypotension - Signs and symptoms of Cardiac Tamponade
What are the Rule of Nines for an adult
Head & Neck 9%, Each entire arm 9%, Chest 9%, Abdomen 9%, Upper Back 9%, Lower Back 9 %, Buttocks 9%, Each entire lower extremity 18%, Genital region is 1%.
Glasgow Coma Scale
Eye Opening (Scoring 4-1)
Verbal Response (Scoring 5-1)
Motor response (Scoring 6-1)