Phonological/Phonemic Awareness
This is the ability to hear and manipulate sounds at the beginning, middle, and end of words without looking at letters
What is phonemic awareness
The relationship between letters and the sounds they represent is called this
What is the alphabetic principle
The words a student can recognize and understand when reading are part of this type of vocabulary
What is receptive vocabulary
The main idea and supporting details are examples of these elements that readers use to understand what they read
What are comprehension strategies
The ability to use correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar in writing is part of this component of writing
What are conventions
The activity where students clap once for each sound they hear in the word "cat" demonstrates this skill
What is phoneme segmentation
When teaching the word "cake," a teacher uses a picture of a cake and the letter "c" to introduce this type of sound
What is an initial consonant sound
When a teacher pre-teaches important words before students read a story, this strategy helps build this
What is vocabulary knowledge or background knowledge
In a fictional story, this is the sequence of events that make up the plot
What is the narrative structure
When a student organizes their thoughts with a beginning, middle, and end before writing, they are using this planning strategy
What is prewriting or organizing
When a teacher asks students to tell what word is left if you remove the /s/ sound from "stop," this activity is called this
What is phoneme deletion
Words like "sight," "through," and "though" that don't follow regular phonetic patterns are called these
What are irregular or sight words
The ability to read text accurately, quickly, and with appropriate expression is called this
What is fluency
When readers stop and ask themselves, "Does this make sense?" while reading, they are using this metacognitive strategy
What is monitoring for comprehension
This type of writing requires students to present facts and information about a topic in a clear, informational writing
What is expository or informational writing
This is the broader umbrella skill that includes rhyming, syllable awareness, and phonemic awareness
What is phonological awareness
When a reader sounds out "m-a-t" and blends it to say "mat," they are using this decoding strategy
What is blending (synthetic phonics)
What is context-based word learning or vocabulary inference
In informational texts, this organizational structure presents information in the order that events happened
What is chronological or sequential order
The ability to develop ideas, provide supporting details, and maintain focus on a topic demonstrates this element of writing
What is organization or idea development
Research shows that students who struggle with this foundational skill in kindergarten are at highest risk for reading difficulties in later grades
What is phonemic awareness
This approach to teaching phonics emphasizes teaching letter-sound relationships in a carefully sequenced order, typically starting with consonants and short vowels
What is systematic and explicit phonics instruction
Research indicates that students need approximately this many exposures to a word in varied contexts to add it into their productive vocabulary
What is 10-12 exposures
A reader who can identify theme, analyze character motivation, and distinguish between fact and opinion in a text demonstrates the level of comprehension
What is critical or inferential comprehension
When a teacher provides specific, actionable feedback and models revision strategies, students develop this important skill
What is revision or editing