Reference Ranges (must be within a combined 3bpm for full points, 6bpm for half credit)
What is the normal heart rate of a dog
60-120
Non-analytical reasoning and type I clinical reasoning are also known by this more common name
Pattern recognition
The difference between MCH and MCHC is
Mean Cell Hemoglobin - measure of the mean amount of hemoglobin in an RBC, expressed in mass (g)
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration - measure of the mean amount of hemoglobin per RBC, expressed in mass per unit of volume (g/dL)
Chloride must be compared with what other analyte in order to draw meaningful conclusions about its levels
Sodium. Cl typically follows sodium, so mild hyponatremia should have concurrent hypochloremia.
Look for a lack of symmetry, seen with things like vomiting and acid base disorders.
By convention, when interpreting rads, the left side (and hopefully left marker) of the patient are displayed on what side from the point of view of the interpreter.
Right side
What is the normal heart rate of a cat (in consult)
180-200
When logical clinical problem solving, you are asked to define what four things
1. The problem
2. The system
3. The location within the system
4. The lesion
What are the two reasons for regenerative anemia
1. Hemolysis
2. Hemorrhage
Describe the process of preparing a plasma sample once whole blood is drawn. 100 points each for correctly naming the type(s) of usable tube(s) and the in-house processing and storage (if needed)
1. EDTA, heparin, or citrate (need 2/3 for full points, if only 1 given then 50 pts. If 3 given, then 150/100 points)
2. Blood will not clot so need to immediately centrifuge, then decant plasma into plain tube and store at 4ºC
It moves from a ventral to a cranial position.
What is the normal body temperature of an adult cow (in celsius)
38-39
In LCPS, refining the system means
Primary vs secondary OR local vs systemic (1.5x points for both
Steroids down regulate adhesion of neutrophils, so the patient will have the same total number of neutrophils, but more in circulation
Name 5 of the 6 pre-analytical factors that can affect biochemistry results
1. Animal factors (such as breed specific qualities)
2. Clinical history and therapies
3. Sampling (timing, collection site and skill, etc)
4. Collection tubes/ technique
5. Sample quality/interferences (lipemia, hemolysis etc)
6. Handling and transport
Collection of small debris in the intestines, indicates chronic partial obstruction
What is the normal heart rate of a horse
28-40
LPCS will NOT work in
Herd health situations
Polychromatophils are differentiated from reticulocytes by
The type of stain used
Polychromatophils with rRNA show up as larger and bluer because of a Quik or Giemsa stained smear
Reticulocytes, when stained with New Methylene Blue, have their RNA precipitate to form aggregates.
Potassium. 98% is intracellular, as the [H+] increases in the blood, cells exchange H+ ions for K+, and plasma potassium levels may rise. (May not be above reference intervals if low K+ in the first or due to a disease process.
1. Morphology/sampling
2. Function or dynamic alterations
3. Generic clinical presentation
4. Availability
5. Cost
6. Operator experience
7. Interpreting experience
8. Available additional help
9. Certainty
10. Personal/practice preference
What is the normal respiratory rate of a relaxed rabbit, daily double if you also provide the respiratory rate in a stressed (in clinic) bunny
30-60. Stressed can be upwards of 200
When defining a lesion, DAMNIT refers to
Degenerative
Anomalous (autoimmune)
Metabolic
Inflammatory
Traumatic
A left shift can be either regenerative or degenerative, characterized by what two features
1. Neutrophilia (regen) vs neutropenia (degen)
2. Segmented : banded neutrophil ratio.
Segmented > banded = regen
Segmented < banded = degen
The bath tub analogy describes how analytes are produced and excreted in the body at certain - often variable - rates. It's important because each analyte has it's own half life in the body, and the continued presence of a certain analyte may be more concerning than another.
Ex: Half life of ALP in a dog is about 3 days, and creatinine kinase is less than 2 hours. If you repeat bloodwork 48 hours after getting increased levels of both, and they're both still elevated, you should be more concerned that continued muscle damage is occurring.
If you wanted to visualize the pylorus on rads, how would you adjust your positioning?
Place patient in left lateral recumbency so that any gas floats to the pylorus.