Age of Absolutism
This ruler of Russia wanted to make his country more like Europe and is known for modernizing ships and the army. Who is he?
Peter the Great
This scientist suggested that the Earth moves around the Sun (heliocentrism). His name is ______.
Copernicus
John Locke wrote about basic freedoms all people should have. These are called ______ ______.
natural rights
The king of France at the start of the French Revolution was Louis ______.
Louis XVI
People of Spanish descent born in the Americas were called ______ (they often led independence movements).
creoles
Some rulers had almost total power and were called "absolute." A ruler with absolute power is often called an _______.
absolute monarch
Long ago many people believed the Earth was the center of the universe. That idea is called ______.
Geocentrism
Which Enlightenment thinker wrote that people agree to rules together in a "social contract"?
Rousseau
French society was divided into three groups called the ______ (this word names the different social groups).
estates
People born in Spain who lived in Latin America and usually had high power were called ______.
peninsulares
Peter the Great changed how people dressed and even made a rule about men's facial hair. He encouraged men to cut their ______.
beards
This scientist used a telescope to see moons around Jupiter and supported the idea that the Earth moves around the Sun. Who is he?
Galileo
Name one right John Locke said people should have
life, liberty, property
A harsh tool used for executions during the Revolution was the ______
guillotine
This Haitian leader led a successful slave revolt.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
A palace built by an absolute ruler in France became a symbol of royal power and luxury. Name this palace used by Louis XIV (hint: it is outside Paris).
Palace of Versailles
Choose the correct term: "Heliocentrism" means the Sun is at the (center / edge) of the system.
center
Explain in 1–2 simple sentences how Enlightenment ideas might help people think about governments.
"They suggested people should have rights and that rulers should serve the people, inspiring new thoughts about fair government.
Name the leader associated with the Reign of Terror
Robespierre
Simón Bolívar helped many South American countries gain independence. Name one country he helped.
(examples: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia)
Explain (in 2–3 simple sentences) one way an absolute ruler could change life for ordinary people.
"An absolute ruler could make laws that everyone had to follow and change taxes, which could make life easier or harder for common people."
In 1–2 sentences, tell why the telescope was important for scientists during the Scientific Revolution.
The telescope let scientists see planets and moons more clearly, giving proof for new ideas and helping them test old beliefs."
Give one short example of how an Enlightenment idea (like natural rights) could inspire people to ask for changes in their government.
If people believe they have natural rights, they might demand a government that protects those rights.
Napoleon became an important leader after the Revolution. Name one thing he did: for example, he made a set of laws called the ______ ______.
Napoleonic Code
"People wanted their own governments, fairer taxes, and more rights instead of being ruled from Spain."