Units 1-2
How do hydrogen bonds allow water to travel up a plant or regulate temperature?
Cohesion/adhesion.
What is it called when an enzyme becomes misshapen at extreme temperature/pH?
Denaturation.
What is the model for ligand-receptor interactions?
The lock and key model.
What is the unzipping enzyme in DNA replication?
Helicase! 🙂
Name a requirement for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (20 bonus points if you name 4+)
No mutation, random mating, no gene flow, very large population size, no natural selection.
Name the four types of protein structure, in order.
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis on the board.
6CO2+ 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Two bunnies are heterozygous for coat color. They mate and produce offspring. Go to the board and draw a punnett square displaying the offspring’s possible genotypes and the likely percentage of each genotype being inherited.
BB 25%, Bb 50%, and bb 25%.
Name a difference between DNA and RNA. (20 bonus points if you can name 3+)
Double vs. single stranded, T vs. U, deoxyribose vs. ribose, hereditary info vs. protein synthesis.
A change in the environment naturally selects for black bunnies and white bunnies, while grey bunnies experience greatly decreased fitness. What type of selection is occurring?
Disruptive selection.
What is the SA:V ratio of a spherical cell with a diameter of 6?
1
What is the end product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate.
A certain hormone is released from the pancreas and is sent to the liver. What type of signaling is taking place?
Endocrine signaling.
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in DNA transcription and translation?
In eukaryotes transcription happens in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm while in prokaryotes transcription and translation occur at the same time.
In the forest, a shrub absorbs light photons from the sun to fuel its own cellular processes. This shrub is eaten by a deer. What percentage of the energy generated by the shrub is lost when it is consumed?
90%.
Draw the structure of an amino acid.
Central É‘-carbon, amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen (-H), and a variable side chain (R-group).
Protein X is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Under normal temperature and pH conditions, protein X remains closed and prevents diffusion through the membrane. Describe the effect of highly increasing temperatures on ATP production within the cell and why.
ATP production will decrease, because the proton gradient will be unable to form.
Name the processes that take place during meiosis that lead to genetic variation within offspring.
Crossing over and independent assortment.
Describe how the lac operon functions.
Inducible operon. In the presence of lactose, the repressor undergoes a shape change as lactose binds, allowing transcription.
Data shows that as a population of beetles increases, the number of eggs laid decreases. Why does this occur?
A larger population leads to an increase in competition for resources, which requires a greater expenditure of energy. This leaves less energy for egg production.
Describe and provide examples for diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport through the cell membrane.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration. (Ex: O2) Facilitated diffusion is the movement of larger, polar molecules through proteins embedded in the membrane. (Ex: glucose transport through GLUT proteins) Active transport uses ATP to transport molecules across the membrane against the concentration gradient. (Ex: Na K+ pump).
What are the products of the Calvin cycle in Photosynthesis?
G3P, ADP, NADP+ and RuBP.
If the M checkpoint is not completed during the cell cycle, what stage of mitosis will be prevented and why?
Anaphase, because spindle fibers are likely not properly attached to the chromosomes.
NAME ALL THE KINDS OF MUTATIONS!!!
Point mutations (Silent/nonsense/missense) & frameshift mutations (insertion/deletion).
Describe the conditions of the Miller-Urey experiment that allowed for amino acids to spontaneously form.
The experiment simulated the ocean and atmosphere. The mixture contained methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and water vapor (H2O), as well as electrodes (simulated lightning).