1
Pros and Cons of Thomas-Hoover and Mel-Temp Apparatus
TH: uses heated bath which responds slowly, 5 samples, :( only goes up to 200 C MT: uses aluminum block, low specific heat, goes over 200C, :( 3 samples only solids
What are the differences in misicibility between tert-butanol and ether in water?
tert-butanol is soluble but ether isn't. why?
True or False? pH>pka=acidic
False. pH<pKa=acidic
difference between sn1 and sn2
sn1= polar, protic solvents; secondary or tertiary halides and weak nucleophiles sn2=polar, aprotic solvents; primary halides, strong nucleophiles
What is the retention factor formula?
distance spot has moved/how long the whole thing is
What's the order of density of water, ether, and DCM in decreasing order?
DCM->water->ether
What effects retention time?
Weaker interaction with stationary phase is equal to shorter retention time
How does liquid-liquid extraction work?
the stuff with the separatory funnels
Is the William Ether Synthesis an SN1 or SN2 reaction? How can you tell?
Sn2 because strong nucleophile (the phenoxide ion) and a primary halide supports this conclusion. SN2 reactions involve a single-step process where the nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon while the leaving group departs concurrently.
true or false? ethyl acetate is more polar than hexanes
TRUE
Difference between simple and fractional distillation set ups?
too lazy to finish
What molecule would interact with a polar stationary phase the most?
A polar molecule with a lower boiling point
Why is Na2SO4 used in the liquid-liquid extraction experiment? Why is it important?
Na2SO4 is used in this experiment to decant the solution and remove any water. This is important because
it leaves behind the organic layer and increases the percent recovery.
Under certain conditions, a Williamson Ether Synthesis reaction may produce
elimination byproducts. What conditions tend to favor elimination pathways
over substitution in this case?
Factors promoting elimination over substitution in this context include the use of strong bases like alkoxides of highly basic metals such as sodium or potassium,
higher temperatures providing the energy needed to surpass the activation barrier for elimination, bulky substituents hindering the nucleophile's approach,
and higher concentrations of the alkoxide ion favoring elimination pathways by
enhancing proton abstraction from the alkyl halide.
what are the two ways IR light vibrates?
stretching and bending
Is simple or fractional distillation more efficient?
Fractional
Read a chromotagraphy and analyze it
What is the extraction process of caffeine?
i dont feel like writing this again lol
explain the recrystallization process in the TLC experiment 9 (part 2)
too long didn't write
what is the fingerprint region in an IR spec?
<1500cm that you ignore because it's difficult to analyze
Difference between msicibility and solubility?
Miscibility is for two substances that can mix at all proportions. Solubility is two substances that can added together to form a homogenous mix
How do you calculate specific rotation?
i cannot paste the greek letters here :(
What's the sublimation process of caffiene?
sublimation apparatus --> bunsen burner
How does thin layer chromatography work? Be sure to discuss the stationary phase, mobile phase, and the importance of polarity.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a method for separating compound mixtures. It involves a stationary phase (usually silica gel or alumina) and a mobile phase that moves up a thin layer through capillary action. The sample, dissolved in a solvent, is applied at the base, and compounds separate based on their polarity interactions with the stationary and mobile phases. Polar compounds stick more to the stationary phase, moving slowly, while nonpolar compounds move faster with the mobile phase. This differential interaction results in distinct spots on the TLC plate, and the Rf value (compound distance to solvent front distance ratio) is key for interpretation. TLC is widely used in chemical analysis for its simplicity and efficacy in compound separation and identification.
What should you do if you spill a chemical directly onto your skin?
immediately rinse the affected area with water for 15 minutes and alert your TA