1. epidemiology
which viral condition is associated with an increase in the incidence of TB
HIV
what is mycobacterium tuberculosis's oxygen requirements like?
is an obligate bacterium - cannot survive without oxygen
in children, TB can cause which disease?
primary progressive disease
having hiv can increase the risk of reactivating a TB infection by ...... X
100X
give 2 of 4 of the main first line drugs for TB
Rifampin/picin
isoniazid
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
name 3 populations where high rates of TB cases are seen
--- any medically underserved population
- urban poor
- alcoholics
- iv drug users
- homeless
- prison inmates
how long does it take for TB to grow and which cells do they grow in
up to 6 weeks [slow]
grow inside macrophages
T/F = a large droplet falling to the floor can be a source of transmitting TB
False
- large droplets fall to the floor, they have to be inhaled
which modality and view is used to detect Tb
posterior - anterior x ray / CXR
how many months is the standard TB treatment for? and how do the first .... months differ from the remaining ..... months.
6 months
- first 2 months = 4 drugs used [rifampin/picin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol]
- then 4 months = 2 drugs used [rifampin and isoniazid]
note - pyridoxine is given after
which uk city has the highest rates of TB
London [mostly due to high diversity within the region]
T cells employ antigens E..... and C..... which are highly specific to TB
ESAT -6
CFP-10
what is the structure of a mycobacterial cell
- shape
- wall
- rod shaped
- has mycolic acid = acid fast
what are the two types of pulmonary TB
1. miliary
2. laryngeal
which supplement is pyridoxine
vit b6
In 2022, an estimated ...... ........ people fell ill with TB worldwide
a. 39 million
b. 10. 6 million
c. 2.1 billion
d. 1.1 billion
10.6 million people - in one year, kills about 3 mill per year
~ WHO
but it is estimated that 2.2 /3 billion people are infected with TB
~ CDC
<5µm
give 4 symptoms of TB
- productive cough -3+ weeks
- chest pain
- haemoptysis
- systemic symptoms [fever, chills. night sweat, weight loss, fatigue]
how many sputum samples are collected for a patient with suspected TB and what time of day is best?
3 [8-24 hours apart]
early morning
which type of resistant tb involves only isoniazid and rifampin
multidrug - MDR TB
two regions with most cases of tb
In 2022,
1. largest number of new TB cases in South-East Asian Region (46%),
2. followed by the African Region (23%)
what happens to the TB in 90% of cases after it has been inhaled
90% is cleared from the body
other than person to person contact, how else can tb be transmitted?
- ingest m. bovis from unpasteurised milk
- transplacental
what urinary change is seen in patients taking rifamycin
urine goes orange
which of the following is a new agent to treat TB
- capreomycin
- rifabutin
- streptomycin
- bedaquiline
bedaquiline
along with linezolid, b-lactams and delaminad