Ottoman Modernization
This 18th-century Ottoman reform movement emphasized military modernization as its primary focus and was initiated under Sultan Selim III.
What is the Nizam-ı Cedit?
This empire's military superiority over the Ottoman Empire was demonstrated by its defeat of Napoleon's army in Egypt, prompting Ottoman leaders to recognize the need for modernization.
What is the French Empire?
The Young Turks were primarily made up of members of this social class, who were influenced by Western ideas and advocated for reform.
What are the military officers and intellectuals?
This major political decision in 1922 formally ended the Ottoman Empire and established the foundation for the Turkish Republic.
What is the abolition of the Sultanate?
This Ottoman political system was heavily based on the authority of the Sultan and Islamic law, while the Turkish Republic emphasized the sovereignty of the people and secularism.
What is the shift from Sultanate to Republic?
This Ottoman official, originally from Hungary, helped introduce the printing press and championed modernization in military and science.
Who is Ibrahim Muteferrika?
The Tanzimat reforms were driven by the empire's desire to strengthen its territorial integrity and counter the rise of nationalist movements, particularly among these Christian populations.
Who are the Balkan Christians (e.g., Serbians, Greeks, Bulgarians)?
The Young Turk Revolution in this year restored the Ottoman constitution and Parliament, leading to the Second Constitutional Era.
What is 1908?
In 1924, Atatürk abolished this institution, aiming to separate religion from the state and establish a secular government.
What is the abolition of the Caliphate?
Under the Ottoman Empire, this group played a significant role in providing religious legitimacy to the Sultan’s rule, while under Atatürk, secularism weakened their influence.
Who are the Ulema?
This reform period, named after a flower, was characterized by the opening of embassies in Europe and the introduction of Western customs into the Ottoman elite, but also sparked opposition from conservative elements.
What is the Tulip Period (Lâle Devri)?
The increasing influence of European economic interests in the Ottoman Empire, particularly through these agreements, contributed to the financial instability that led to the Tanzimat reforms.
What are the Capitulations?
This intellectual leader of the CUP advocated for scientific progress and modernization, taking inspiration from Auguste Comte's positivism.
Who is Ahmet Rıza?
Mustafa Kemal founded this party, which became the primary political organization of the early Turkish Republic.
What is the Republican People’s Party (CHP)?
The Ottoman Empire was largely a patrimonial state, whereas the Turkish Republic was founded on this type of state model based on Western political ideals.
What is a centralized, secular, and nationalist state?
This sultan’s absolutist reign is often credited with launching significant reforms in the civil bureaucracy and establishing a centralized modern state in the early 19th century.
Who is Mahmud II?
The military defeats and territorial losses in this early 19th-century war showed the Ottoman Empire’s vulnerability and were key reasons for launching Tanzimat reforms to modernize the military.
What is the Ottoman-Russian War (1828-1829)?
The 1908 revolution led by the Young Turks restored this constitution, which had initially been suspended by Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1878.
What is the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 (Kanûn-ı Esâsî)?
These six principles, often referred to as “Atatürk's arrows,” defined the ideological foundation of the Turkish Republic.
What is republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, and reformism?
The Ottoman Empire was a multi-ethnic, multi-religious state, but the Turkish Republic pursued this principle, which emphasized a homogeneous national identity.
What is nationalism (or Turkish nationalism)?
This failed 18th-century Ottoman reform involved importing European advisors and creating new armies, but could not overcome resistance from the Janissaries.
What is the Humbaracı Corps reform?
The economic pressure created by inflation and the influx of precious metals from the New World into Europe, which destabilized the Ottoman economy in the 16th and 17th centuries, was one of the long-term reasons behind the Tanzimat reforms. This phenomenon was known as the ____.
What is the "Price Revolution"?
This violent event in 1909 involved the suppression of a counter-revolution in Istanbul by Mahmud Şevket Pasha's forces.
What is the 31 March Incident?
Atatürk's economic modernization efforts in the 1930s led to the establishment of this state-driven economic policy, which aimed to industrialize Turkey and reduce its dependence on foreign imports.
What is statism (devletçilik)?
A major difference between the Ottoman and Turkish systems was that the Ottoman elite derived power from this, while the Republican elite was more civilian and bureaucratic.
What is military and religious authority?