Microbiology and Cell Biology
Type of cell that a bacteria has
Prokaryotic
The "Central Dogma" of Biology
DNA codes for RNA, which codes for a Protein
Name of the process by which humans choose desired traits in an organism and breed those with that trait together
Artificial selection or selective breeding
Name of the organelle that undergoes photosynthesis in a plant, and its origin
Chloroplast, originally a photosynthetic bacteria
What do you call an organism that gets their energy from chemicals and their carbon from the atmosphere?
Chemoautotroph
4 nucleotides found in DNA, including which pairs with which
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
Divergent evolution
Homologous features
What is a fruit and what are their purpose?
Ripened/enlarged ovary of an angiosperm plant, containing seeds, allows for protection and/or dispersal by animals/wind
Name of solution, and what will happen to a cell placed in a solution with very little solutes
Hypotonic solution, water flows out of cell
Two major types/classes of mutations, where they occur, and their relevance to the body/future generations
Somatic: regular body cells, can result in cancer, not heritable
Germline: sperm and egg producing cells, can result in permanent changes to offspring if passed down
Explain the basic mechanism of evolution via natural selection.
Organisms differ from one another due to random mutations to their DNA. Those organisms whose mutations give them a reproductive advantage over others will have more offspring, passing those "successful" alleles down and making them more common in the population.
Over time the population will change (evolve) as successful changes/mutations are passed down and unsuccessful ones "die out".
In a woody stem such as a tree, growth is achieved by special ring of dividing cells called _________________, which produces _________________ towards the inside of the tree/stem and _______________ towards the outside.
In a woody stem such as a tree, growth is achieved by special ring of dividing cells called vascular cambium, which produces xylem towards the inside of the tree/stem and phloem towards the outside.
4 differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: peptidoglycan cell wall, only single celled, no membrane-bound organelles, extremely diverse energy/carbon sources, simple asexual reproduction
Eukaryotes: mitochondria, membrane-bound organelles, complex cells, can form multicellular life, only aerobic metabolism
A man with normal vision marries a female carrier of an x-linked recessive colorblindness gene (Xn).
Give the genotypes of the father and the mother.
What are the odds that their first son will be colorblind?
50%
normal vision allele: XN
colorblind vision allele: Xn
Father: XNY Mother: XNXn
Son receives Y chromosome from Father and either XN or Xn allele from mother (50% chance of each)
If receives Xn allele he will be colorblind
Two part name, with first giving an organism's genus and the second its exact species
Eg Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus
Allows for exact identification of an organism (no confusion), contains information about which other organisms are closely related (eg in same genus)
Gymnosperms (eg ______________) have two things that that pteridophytes (eg _____________) do not: _____________ and ________________.
These allow them to reproduce with much less of a dependence on _______.
Gymnosperms (eg conifers) have two things that that pteridophytes (eg ferns/horsetails) do not: seeds and pollen.
These allow them to reproduce with much less of a dependence on water.
Name 5 organelles found in a Eukaryotic cell, and give a function for each
Ribosome: Protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein folding and packaging
Golgi Apparatus: Protein labelling
Vesicle: Protein transport within cell
Lysosome: vesicle with digestive proteins for recycling and defense
Cilia/Flagella: movement of cell or substances near the cell
Nucleus: protection and packaging/control of DNA
Mitochondria: cellular respiration
How do DNA, genes, allelles, chromosomes, and genome relate to each other?
A genome is the total sum of an organisms DNA, which is broken up into multiple large chunks called chromosomes, each of which contain many genes: sequences of DNA that code for a specific protein. Different versions of a gene for a given protein are called alleles.
Explain the process of speciation.
Include the terms gene flow, natural selection, and at least 3 types of reproductive barrier
Speciation occurs when members of one species are separated from one another by a physical or some other barrier. This barrier to gene flow allows for the populations to begin to accumulate differences, via the mechanisms of mutation, genetic drift and natural selection
Over time, the populations become so different that they are unable to reproduce with each other even if brought back into contact. Possible reproductive barriers include physical/mechanical, temporal, behavioural and gametic
Define a fungi, their form of metabolism/food aquisition, giving the name/type of cells that they have, growth pattern, and method/structures of reproduction
Eukaryotic, chemoheterotrophs (like animals), excrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients, non-motile, long thin cells called hyphae that form branching mycelia inside their food source, produce spores via large aboveground structures called fruiting bodies