patho
Cause of diabetic diagnosis in these patients
(the patho reasoning, sorry for my bad questions)
sucky pancreas, Insulin producing beta cells are destroyed, we're not making any insulin,
prediabetes
levels 100-125 when fasting
Signs of diabetes
frequent urination. excessive thirst, fatigue, increased skin infections
the breakdown of fatty acids without insulin results in the production of these
ketone bodies
what is retinopathy
damage to small blood vessels in the retina
Where does ingested glucose remain in these patients and where should it be stored if body is functioning correctly?
glucose remains in blood stream without insulin, should be stored in liver
Functions of insulin for type 1
break down carbs at cellular level (metabolize), tells liver to stop putting out glucose, inhibits glycogenolysis
DKA has this specific sign due to presence of ketoacids
fruity breath
Type 1 vs Type 2!
type 1: early onset, familial, pancreas makes little to no insulin
type 2: onset any age, decrease in insulin production, ketosis is uncommon
how to find the anion gap? which diagnosis is anion gap high priority?
sodium - choride & bicarb normal range 3-10. DKA
causes of DKA
missed insulin dose, illness or infection, undiagnosed diabetes
hypoglycemia management
juice, glucose tabs, concentrated carbs
type 1 could have sudden change in this
weight loss
macrovascular complications of diabetes
blood vessel walls thicken, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease
this follows type 1 diabetes after 15 years, 10 years for type two (organ disease)
kidney disease, nephropathy
Areas connected to a predisposition of type 1
genetic, autoimmune could show early signs, environmental factors
area of the body diabetics should regularly check for sores or signs of skin breakdown
FEET
presence of glucoe in urine
glycosuria
When blood sugar levels increase, how do the kidneys attempt to compensate and what complication occurs?
osmotic diuresis. Kidneys reabsorb the glucose they can, then excrete the rest. Lose large amounts of electrolytes with the glucose
7th leading cause od death in US
diabetes
what does insulin do on a cellular level
insulin brings glucose INto the cell
treatment of DKA
shift back to carb metabolism, potassium and insulin drip, monitor blood glucose, and output.
the ____ effect of glucose produces manifestations of polydipsia and polyuria
osmotic
abnormally high levels of insulin the blood
hyperinsulinemia
criteria used to diagnose diabetes
plasma glucose 200mg/dl or higher after 8 hour fast