Body Fluids
A synovial fluid sample examined under compensated polarized light shows needle-shaped crystals that appear yellow when aligned parallel to the slow axis and blue when perpendicular. These crystals are strongly birefringent and are often found intracellularly during acute episodes.
What is monosodium urate (MSU) crystals associated with gout?
This class of MHC is present on CD4 (helper) T cells
What is class II?
This immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for allergic reactions and binds mast cells.
What is IgE?
Which crystal is commonly seen in acidic urine and has an envelope (square with an “X”) appearance?
What is calcium oxalate?
A positive leukocyte esterase result on a urine dipstick most strongly indicates what condition?
What is urinary tract infection(UTI)/ presence of WBCs
This immunologic finding in CSF, detected by protein electrophoresis as 2–5 discrete bands not present in serum, supports intrathecal IgG synthesis and is most commonly associated with multiple sclerosis.
What are oligoclonal bands?
Anti-ANA, Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, and a speckled ANA pattern are indicative of this disease.
What is Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
these serum factors increase rapidly in response to infection, injury, or tissue trauma.
What are acute phase reactants?
What type of cast is most specifically associated with glomerulonephritis?
What is RBC cast?
A urine specimen that is nitrite positive most strongly suggests infection with what type of organism?
What is gram negative nitrate reducing bacteria (ex. enterobacteriaceae)
Microscopic examination of synovial fluid reveals neutrophils containing dark cytoplasmic inclusions composed of immune complexes, commonly seen in autoimmune joint disease.
What are ragocytes (RA cells)?
This type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by the formation of IgM and IgG immune complexes.
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
This ANA pattern has confluent staining throughout the whole cell, and the mitotic cells have intensely stained chromatin.
What is homogenous?
Oval fat bodies and Maltese cross formations under polarized light are most commonly associated with what condition?
What is nephrotic syndrome?
A urine dipstick that is positive for blood but shows no RBCs microscopically most likely indicates what?
What is hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria?
A CSF lactate level is significantly elevated (>35 mg/dL) while glucose is decreased and LDH is increased. These findings, independent of serum lactate levels, are most useful in distinguishing this condition from aseptic processes early in disease.
What is bacterial meningitis?
Anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La are characteristic of what syndrome?
What is Sjogren Syndrome?
This autoimmune disease is caused by immune destruction of the thyroid gland and produces the following: normal or high TSH, low free T4, and anti-TPO antibodies
What is Hashimoto thyroiditis
Which crystal is classically described as “coffin-lid” shaped and is associated with alkaline urine and UTIs?
What is triple phosphate?
Significant ketonuria in a patient most strongly indicates what metabolic condition?
What is Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or fat metabolism (starvation)?
A milky pleural fluid specimen shows triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL. This finding differentiates it from pseudochylous effusions and indicates lymphatic obstruction or leakage as the underlying mechanism.
What is a chylous effusion?
This effect takes place in tests where antibody concentration exceeds antigen concentration and little precipitation is visible.
What is the prozone effect?
A positive serological result for this antibody alone shows immunity to hepatitis B due to vaccination.
What is anti-HBs?
The presence of dysmorphic RBCs in urine most strongly indicates what source of bleeding?
What is glomerular origin(glomerular bleeding)?
A urine specimen is positive for bilirubin but negative for urobilinogen. What condition does this most strongly indicate?
What is Biliary obstruction (obstructive jaundice)?