A stem cell undergoes this type of division when one daughter cell possesses the same stem cell profile, while the other is partially differentiated with lineage-specific markers.
What is asymmetric division?
100
These stromal cells are responsible for removing debris from the marrow microenvironment, as well as providing iron for erythropoietic precursors.
What are macrophages?
100
A cell that secretes a cytokine that stimulates itself has this type of function.
What is autocrine?
100
All healthy erythrocytes have this discolored core, indicative of each cell's biconcave shape.
What is a central pallor?
100
This organ is responsible for removing RBCs that can no longer effectively squeeze through tight capillaries, which it accomplishes by running them through a "gauntlet" of narrow vessels lined with macrophages poised to consume old/insufficient erythrocytes.
What is the spleen?
200
Often called "blasts," these types of cells are irreversibly committed to a single lineage, with recognizable marker/morphogenic profiles and a reduced (sometimes absent) capacity for division.
What are precursor cells?
200
Associated with the sinusoids, these stromal cells secrete cytokines like IL-5 and adhesion molecules like E-selectin to maintain the microenvironment and promote hematopoiesis.
What are endothelial cells?
200
When the kidney faces anemia, hypoxia inducible factor increases synthesis of this cytokine, which stimulates RBC progenitor cells to divide and mature.
What is erythropoietin?
200
This name is reserved for young, newly differentiated red blood cells.
What is reticulocyte?
200
Consisting of two alpha and two gamma chains, this hemoglobin variant is resistant to 2,3-DPG binding, giving it a higher affinity for oxygen.
What is fetal hemoglobin?
300
This feature allows hematopoietic stem cells to protect themselves from toxic insults, and can reduce the efficacy of chemotherapy when seen in leukemia.
What is drug efflux pump/multiple drug resistance (MDR) phenotype?
300
Though their role is not yet fully understood, these stromal cells are prominent in the bone marrow and appear to promote hematopoiesis and osteogenesis via expression of leptin, osteocalcin, and prolactin receptors.
What are adipocytes?
300
This platelet stimulating cytokine is produced predominantly by the liver (some in kidney and skeletal muscle); it is regulated by binding to existing platelets, reducing the amount of free, active cytokine when platelets are plentiful.
What is thrombopoietin?
300
This routinely measured blood parameter measures size differences among erythrocytes, with little variance between healthy cells and a wide range of sizes potentially indicating pathology.
What is red cell distribution width (RDW)?
300
This protein is the main contributor to an erythrocyte's flexibility, forming a multimeric, hexagonal lattice that associates with membrane-bound proteins like band 3 via connector proteins, including ankyrin and protein 4.1.
What is spectrin?
400
A hematopoietic stem cell is definitively characterized by these three functional prerequisites.
What is self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation (ability to give rise to all blood cell lineages), and long-term capacity for hematopoietic reconstitution?
400
The bone marrow intracellular matrix is structured around a sponge-like meshwork of these fibers, whose overproduction can lead to a pathological disruption of the hematopoietic microenvironment.
What is reticulin?
400
This fairly ubiquitous cytokine stimulates neutrophil production as well as function by priming cells to be more sensitive to other growth factors.
What is granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)?
400
This name is used to describe a erythrocyte that has excessive plasma membrane, exhibiting a cross-sectional "rippling" pattern that produces its distinctive appearance.
What is target cell?
400
When heme iron that becomes oxidized to a ferric state it becomes this type of hemoglobin, which must be reduced by proteins using electrons donated from NADH from RBC glycolysis.
What is methemoglobin?
500
Since hematopoietic stem cells cannot be seen via light microscopy, these markers are often used to identify them (name two).
What are CD34, c-kit receptor, c-MPL, Thy1, MDR1/P glycoprotein?
500
Secreted by osteoblasts, this "homing" cytokine interacts with CXCR4 expressed on the hematopoietic stem cells, causing them to localize within the bone marrow niche; inhibiting this interaction will mobilize HSCs into the bloodstream.
What is SDF-1?
500
As erythropoietin stimulates differentiation of red blood cells, their nuclei become this, meaning condensed and eventually ejected.
What is pyknotic?
500
This term is used to describe erythrocytes that have been pathologically shredded or blended.
What is shistocytes?
500
Reactive oxygen species in the blood are cleared predominantly by this compound, which uses a thiol group to convert hydrogen peroxide into water and is regenerated via NADPH provided by the RBC pentose phosphate pathway.