Theoretical Threads
An individual experiences discomfort due to holding conflicting beliefs and behaviors.
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)
The mental process of converting sensory input into meaningful interpretation.
Perception
The feeling of discomfort when there is a discrepancy between expected and actual outcomes.
Frustration
The tendency to rely on immediate examples that come to mind when making judgments.
Availability Heuristic
A student changes their opinion to match the group during a discussion.
Conformity
A person believes their success depends on luck rather than effort.
External Locus of Control (Rotter)
The process of mentally breaking information into smaller meaningful units.
Chunking
The theory states that physiological arousal occurs before the emotional experience.
James–Lange Theory
The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information received when making decisions.
Anchoring Bias
People are less likely to help a victim when others are present
Bystander Effect
A learner modifies existing knowledge structures when encountering new information.
Accommodation (Piaget)
The mental process of evaluating alternatives and selecting the best option.The mental process of evaluating alternatives and selecting the best option.
Decision Making
An internal state of tension that drives behavior toward reducing a need.
Drive
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms existing beliefs.
Confirmation Bias
During a team discussion, members suppress dissenting opinions to maintain harmony, leading to poor decision-making.
Groupthink
A person persists in a behavior because reinforcement is unpredictable and intermittent.
Variable Ratio Schedule (Operant Conditioning)
The process of forming a general idea or category from specific examples.
Concept Formation
The tendency to persist in behavior even after the original reward is no longer present.
Habit Formation
The tendency to perceive patterns or connections between unrelated events.
Illusory Correlation
An individual behaves differently in a crowd due to reduced self-awareness and anonymity.
Deindividuation
A client’s improvement in therapy is largely attributed to common factors such as the therapeutic relationship, rather than specific techniques. Name the concept.
Dodo Bird Verdict
The tendency to fill in missing information based on prior knowledge.
Top-Down Processing
The tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors.
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an outcome after it has already occurred.
Hindsight Bias
Group discussion leads members to adopt more extreme positions than initially held.
Group Polarization