Hemodynamics-8
Doppler 1-9
Doppler 2-10
Artifacts-11
Bioeffects-12
Advanced US-13
QA/Stats-14
1
__________ is a unitless number that indicates the likelihood of turbulence occurring.
a. Bernoulli's quotient b. Reynold's number
c. Poiseuille's number d. Continuity quotient
b. Reynold's number (PP31)
1
Which of the following will demonstrate a positive Doppler shift?
A B C D
C (PP10)
1
In this image, the angle of the transducer beam to the vessel is approximately:
a. 0 degrees
b. 60 degrees
c. 90 degrees
d. 360 degrees
c. 90 degrees (PP52)
1
What is the cause of slice thickness artifact resulting in a haze over some of the image?
a. Different propagation velocities and oblique incidence
b. Reverberation in an air-filled sac
c. Poor resolution in the elevational plane
d. Different propagation speeds in 2 different tissues
c. Poor resolution in the elevational plane (PP12-15)
1
ALARA is mainly concerned with:
a. image color quality b. patient safety
c. mcahine cost d. operator speed
b. patient safety (PP46)
1
A key advantage of shear wave elastography over strain elastography is:
a. requires no ultrasound gel
b. provides quantitative data
c. does not require ultrasound imaging
d. works in superficial structures
b. provides quantitative data (PP22)
1
The sonographer is responsible for implementing a QA action plan that includes all EXCEPT:
a. assessment of system components
b. repairs
c. preventative maintenance
d. transducer drop test for durability certification
d. transducer drop test for durability certification (PP4)
2
When measuring hydrostatic pressure in a patient sitting upright, which factor has the greatest effect on the recorded pressure at the ankle?
a. blood viscosity b. vertical distance from the heart
c.vessel diameter d. cardiac output
b. vertical distance from the heart (PP43-44)
2
If the target is moving away from the detector, the wavefronts are _______________.
a. faster
b. compressed
c. stretched out
d. slower
c. stretched out (PP7)
2
Which color would represent an aliased Doppler signal from flow coursing away from the transducer?
a. dark red
b. dark blue
c. black
d. yellow/orange
d. yellow/orange (PP61)
2
The artifact shown in image A is ______ and it was corrected in image B by ______.
a. range ambiguity; applying pressure
b. mirror image; applying pressure
c. range ambiguity; turning on spatial compounding
d. mirror image; turning on spatial compounding
b. mirror image; applying pressure (PP25-27)
2
What is the ultrasound modality with the highest risk for cavitational related bioeffects?
a. B-mode b. Color Doppler
c. Continuous Wave Doppler d M-mode
a. B-mode (PP30,33)
2
Which factor most significantly affects the reliability of strain elastography measurements?
a. transducer frequency b. patient heart rate
c. applied compression technique
d. Doppler angle
c. applied compression technique (PP21)
2
This is called a/an:
a. autoclave
b. trophon
c. Bug Burninator
d. The Steril-O-Matic 9000
b. trophon (PP11)
3
What happens to the intramural pressure when compression is applied to a vein to confirm it is patent?
a. increases b.decreases
c. stays the same d. increases to the 4th power
b. decreases (PP55)
3
What is the advantage of pulsed-wave Doppler over continuous-wave Doppler?
a. range resolution
b. can measure higher velocities
c. uses less transmit power
d. displays pretty colors
a. range resolution (PP48-49)
3
All of the following are causes of a filled in spectral window EXCEPT:
a. Sample volume too close to the vessel wall.
b. Sample volume (gate) includes the whole width of the vessel
c. Turbulence
d. Insonification angle of 0 degrees
d. Insonification angle of 0 degrees (PP41-42)
3
Which of the following artifacts is the result of reverberation?
a. comet tail
b. acoustic speckle
c. beamwidth
d. refraction
a. comet tail (PP22)
3
Which of the following intensities has the GREATEST intensity?
a. ISATA b. ISPTA c. ISPPA d. ISPTP
d. ISPTP (PP14)
3
Which of the following are used for guidance with focused ultrasound?
a. Ultrasound and MRI
b. X-Ray and MRI
c. MRI and CT
d. Ultrasound and CT
a. Ultrasound and MRI (PP8)
3
How is lateral resolution determined?
a. beamwidth
b. beamwidth / 2
c. spatial pulse length
d. spatial pulse length / 2
a. beamwidth (13,21)
4
Assuming there is no energy lost to heat, in a closed system the energy at point A must equal the energy at point B. What does this define?
a. Continuity equation b. Bernoulli effect
c. Snell's Law d. Poiseuille’s Equation
b. Bernoulli effect (PP40-41)
4
Which of the following is an advantage of power doppler?
a. Demonstrating the presence of blood flow when there is a slow flow state.
b. allows a higher frame rate
c. measures direction
d. gives quantitative information
a. Demonstrating the presence of blood flow when there is a slow flow state. (PP40-44)
4
Which of the following ranges accurately describes typical Doppler shift frequencies?
a. 1-10,000 Hz
b. 1-10 kHz
c. 2-1000 kHz
d. 1-15 MHz
b. 1-10 kHz (PP8)
4
What is the cause of the artifact demonstrated between the blue arrows?
a. Increased speed of sound in the cystic mass.
b. Decreased speed of sound in the cystic mass.
c. Increased attenuation of the sound beam in the cystic mass.
d. Decreased attenuation of the sound beam in the cystic mass.
d. Decreased attenuation of the sound beam in the cystic mass (PP47, 53-54)
4
A hydrophone can measure all these EXCEPT:
a. beam shape b. amplitude
c. PRF d. dynamic range
d. dynamic range (PP39-40)
4
These are images of:
a.HIFU b.CEUS c.hybrid/fusion d.elastography
b. CEUS (PP28)
4
If the transducer is placed on side "A" of the test phantom, what is tested by the pins indicated by the green arrow?
a. dead zone b. lateral resolution
c. axial resolution d. maximum depth
c. axial resolution (PP18)
5
________ describes the volumetric flow rate as a constant.
a. Bernoulli Effect b. Continuity Rule
c. Laminar Flow d. Doppler Equation
b. Continuity Rule (PP38-39, 48)
5
Which way is the blood flowing?
a.towards the transducer
b. away from the transducer
c. left to right
d. right to left
b. away from the transducer (PP45)
5
What are wall filters used to eliminate?
a. The high frequency high amplitude signals.
b. The high frequency low amplitude signals.
c. The low frequency high amplitude signals.
d. The low frequency low amplitude signals.
c. The low frequency high amplitude signals (PP12-17)
5
The cystic mass in this image causes both _________ and __________ artifacts.
a. edge shadowing, enhancement
b. mirror image, reverberation
c. enhancement, reverberation
d. shadowing, grating lobes
a. edge shadowing, enhancement (PP51,53)
5
An example of an empirical ultrasound study is:
a. physics review
b. expert consensus
c. clinical data study
d. theoretical model
c. clinical data study (PP44)
5
What is a big advantage of using ultrasound guidance instead of MRI for HIFU treatments?
a. excellent delineation of soft tissue target
b. provides real-time data
c. takes less time
d. uses lower frequencies
b. provides real-time data (PP8)
5
This specialized phantom is used for:
a. sector scanning
b. contrast resolution
c. small parts
d. slice thickness
b. contrast resolution (PP26)
6
According to Poiseuille’s equation, which of the following would explain a decrease in the measured pressure in a system where the volumetric flow remained constant?
a. tube length increased
b. tube diameter increased
c. viscosity increased
b. tube diameter increased (PP16-17)
6
A signal processing technique, used by color doppler, to quickly estimate the mean Doppler frequency shift at each pixel.
a. Quadrature Detection
b. Fast Fourier Transformation
c. Autocorrelation
d. Mixing to Base Band
c. Autocorrelation (PP34)
6
Which direction is the blood flowing?
a. right to left
b. left to right
c. back to forth
d. forth to back
a. right to left (PP53-55)
6
Which artifact results from the violation that echoes originate only from the main beam?
A. Reverberation
B. Side lobe artifact
C. Acoustic enhancement
D. Refraction
B. Side lobe artifact (PP34)
6
The _________ can be used to convert pulse average to a temporal average intensities.
a. PRP b. Beam uniformity factor
c. Duty factor d. PRF
c. Duty factor (PP13)
6
Strain/speckle measures _________ and TDI measures __________.
a. stiffness; fremitus
b. fremitus; stiffness
c. velocity; deformation
d. deformation; velocity
d. deformation; velocity (PP32-33)
6
The probability the test correctly predicted NO disease divided by the total number of negative predictions.
a. PPV
b. NPV
c. sensitivity
d. specificity
b. NPV (PP59)
7
When the radius of the popliteal artery increases by a factor of 2, what happens to the resistance at this point?
a. Increases by a factor of 2
b. Decreases by a factor of 2
c. Increases by a factor of 16
d. Decreases by a factor of 16
d. Decreases by a factor of 16 (PP13-15)
7
If for a given blood velocity, the incident angle is 60 degrees, how would the Doppler shift change if the incident angle decreased to 0 degrees?
a. Doppler shift would double
b. Doppler shift would not change
c. Doppler shift would decrease by half
d. Cannot be determined
a. Doppler shift would double (PP12-15)
7
You obtained this color doppler image during a hepatic sonogram. There is no color signal detected within the portal vein. What do you do to improve sensitivity to slow flow?
a. increase the wall filter
b. decrease the color gain
c. decrease the PRF
d. change the color map
c. decrease the PRF (PP68)
7
The "clouding" artifact demonstrated in the image below was caused by ____________.
a. reverberation
b. speckle
c. grating lobes
d. range ambiguity
c. grating lobes (PP36)
7
Intensity levels are kept below ________ to minimize the risk of heating.
a. 160 W/cm2 b. 720 mW/cm2
c. 1 mW/cm2 d. 1 W/cm2
b. 720 mW/cm2 (PP24)
7
What advanced imaging procedure is being utilized in these images? (A through C are in chronological order of the procedure)
a. IMT b. Elastography
c. Focused ultrasound under MRI guidance
d. Focused ultrasound under ultrasound guidance
d. Focused ultrasound under ultrasound guidance (PP13)
8
During EXPIRATION:
a. The diaphragm moves down, upper extremity venous return to the heart increases, and venous flow in the legs decreases.
b. The diaphragm moves down, upper extremity venous return to the heart decreases, and venous flow in the legs increases.
c. The diaphragm moves up, upper extremity venous return to the heart increases, and venous flow in the legs decreases.
d. The diaphragm moves up, upper extremity venous return to the heart decreases, and venous flow in the legs increases.
d. The diaphragm moves up, upper extremity venous return to the heart decreases, and venous flow in the legs increases. (PP60)
8
Which of the following will result in a decrease in the Doppler shift frequency?
a. a higher propagation velocity
b. using a higher transmit frequency
c. a faster target velocity
d. Insonifying at 30º instead of 45º.
a. a higher propagation velocity (PP12)
8
This waveform demonstrates:
a. absent end diastolic flow
b. high resistance flow
c. low resistance flow
d. spiky flow
c. low resistance flow (PP43)
8
What is the broken needle appearance in this image caused by?
a. Speed of sound is faster in the mass than in the surrounding tissue.
b. Speed of sound is slower in the mass than in the surrounding structure.
c. The impedance is greater in the mass than in the surrounding tissue.
d. The impedance is less in the mass than in the surrounding tissue.
b. Speed of sound is slower in the mass than in the surrounding structure (PP40-42)
8
A researcher is using a hydrophone to measure the mechanical index (MI). Which measurement is the MOST critical for accurate MI calculation?
a. peak positive pressure
b. peak negative (rarefactional) presure
c. PRP
d. beam width
b. peak negative (rarefactional) pressure (PP32)
9
If the cross-sectional area of a vessel is decreased because of plaque formation on the wall, what will happen to the velocity if volumetric flow is maintained?
a. velocity increases b. velocity decreases
c. no change in velocity d. cannot be determined
a. velocity increases (PP38-39)
9
During Doppler interrogation of the carotid artery, you detect spectral mirroring. Which of the following is a common cause of this artifact?
a. Doppler insonification angle of 90°
b. Doppler insonification angle of 0°
c. wall filter set too high
d. doppler gain set too low
a. Doppler insonification angle of 90° (PP68-70)
10
What is the term used for how the vessels in the area of the yellow bracket are connected in ________ to the renal artery.
a. series
b. parallel
c. convergent
d. sequential
b. parallel (PP20)
10
In color doppler, flash artifact can be caused by which of the following?
a. low amplitude, high velocity changes such as motion of the transducer or motion from breathing
b. high amplitude, low velocity changes such as motion of the transducer or motion from breathing
c. Thermal changes in the transducer
d. cavitation of tissue and gel
b. high amplitude, low velocity changes such as motion of the transducer or motion from breathing (PP79)
11
A is connected in ______ and B is connected in _____.
a. parallel; series
b. series; parallel
c. convergent; segmented
d. segmented; convergent
b. series; parallel
11
What is the primary cause of Doppler range ambiguity?
a. excessive transduer heating
b. PRF is too low
c. PRF is too high
d. beam focusing at multiple depths
c. PRF is too high (PP66)