Definitions
What is..
Concepts
Meaning
Explanation
100
_______________ is the process by which working-class residential neighborhoods are rehabilitated by middle-class homebuyers, landlords and professional developer; May also be referred to as revitalization, renaissance.
gentrification
100
What is Spatial Division of Labour?
An ongoing geographic reorganization of production, which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labour; A set of social relations developed with new round of growth
100
According to chapter 3, the two contradictions of capitalism are 1. Capitalism requires growth and profit –which increases the price of labour and 2. In order to become profitable, the cost of labour needs to be minimized. A solution to this problem is what?
• A technological fix –whereby capitalist firms try to make their production costs more efficient than their competitors by replacing workers with machines
100
The most common approach to the unevenness of economic development is that it is a ‘natural state’ of affairs. What is meant by this; what does ‘natural state’ imply?
• uneven distribution of nature (natural resources) • Growth has to start somewhere—it will eventually, naturally, spread under the right conditions
100
There are numerous ways economic life can be structured, list at least two types. (+50 for each additional structure listed)
• Peasant economies – value retained within household • Feudal economies—payment to a landlord • Cooperative –value shared amongst a group • Capitalism- most dominant
200
Define the concept of Creative Destruction:
Breaking out of old city forms to perpetuate growth and redevelopment in order to avoid crises and decline
200
What is the main criticism against development?
• It is an ethnocentric concept; an attempt to bring traditional non-western people in line with the norms of the modern western life.
200
What is a Marxist view of the economy when the characteristics of capitalism are put together?
• Marxism sees conflict, contradiction and disequilibrium
200
What is meant by ‘Devaluation’?
• destruction of value in the system—money is devalued by inflation; labour devalued by unemployment, productive capacity is devalued and destroyed. Recreating value gets the system moving and capital circulating.
200
Explain the Urban non-place realm
Developed by Melvin Webber, this theory describes the old forms of social diversity as they are broken down by technology, communications, and transportation
300
Define the Devalorization Cycle
The downward sequence/ transitions in the tenure arrangements of occupancy. • The only way to prevent this cycle is if capital is invested in the form of repairs or replacement to physical stock • If dwellings are rented it depends on the profit of this investment compared with other plausible investments for the landlord
300
What is meant by Spatial displacement of Capital? Why could it be an intrinsic feature of capitalism?
• Opening new spaces for production, raw materials, and new markets in order to expand spatial horizons. This may also involve recreating old spaces or new production sites in newly industrializing parts of the world • Capitalism needs space to function. Economic geography is inherent to successful operation of the system
300
Expansion of capital and equalization of conditions and levels of development lead to the:
A) “shrinking world” B) Annihilation of space with time C) Urban non-place realm D) Ribbon development E) Both A and B
300
What is meant by Back-to-the-City-School?
Movement that advocated for more industry and capital; It is less concerned about explanations and more concerned about documenting the process (Age, race, profession)
300
Explain the concept of Suburbanization
The product of equalization and differentiation at the urban scale; Capital accumulation and expansion takes over space by time at an urban level; An expanding area of the non-urban periphery is brought into space; This expansion has been led by the process of suburbanization in that it progressively reduces all society to urban society
400
Define the 'rent gap'
• developed in 1979 by the geographer Neil Smith as an economic explanation for the process of gentrification. It describes the disparity between the current rental income of a property and the potentially achievable rental income.
400
3. What is the Modernization theory and how can it smooth out differences in terms of wealth distribution and poverty in third world nations? what are some of its preconditions?
• A school of economic thinking prevalent in the 1950s and 60s that saw largely cultural and institutional barriers to development in the third world (developing countries) • Impoverished economies would need to develop towards the western model of industrial production, modern society, and high mass consumption if they develop certain preconditions:  High savings and investment rates  Removal of cultural resistance to modern science  industrial production
400
4. According to Marx, value is always created by _______. How can this affect the geographical pattern of development?
• People--- who are engaged in the labour processes that create or change a good or service • Real Value is added by workers and employees, thus where these recipients are located will affect the geographical pattern of development that results from the economic activity
400
What is meant by Accumulation by dispossession:
Collective resources appropriated by private interest. This may happen on a global scale and be advanced by one capitalist state over another (through trade agreements or multilateral arrangements (i.e. International Monetary Fund)
400
Explain the Filtering Model
According to this model, new housing is generally occupied by better off families who vacate their previous less spacious housing to poorer occupants and move towards the suburban periphery. In this way, decent housing ‘filters’ down and is left behind for lower-income families and the worst house drops out of the market to abandonment or demolition
500
In the structure of capitalism, there are two contradictory tendencies: The Equalization of conditions and levels of development AND Differentiation. What are these concepts?
Equalization refers to the “universalization of abstract labour and the consequent supremacy of value over social interchange” Differentiation refers to the differences that are the outcome of the uneven development of productive forces” such as division of labour, centralization of capital at the expense of others, evolution of spatially differentiated pattern of wage rates
500
What is Macro- Economic Management:
• devising ways of bringing together idle over-accumulation capital and labour. This may involve heavy government spending to create jobs and to stimulate demand during recession; may also involve introducing legislations that curb excessive labour exploitation by establishing standards in working conditions and wage levels. These strategies help to ensure that demand in the economy is maintained (social regulation)
500
There are two distinct assessments on the future of gentrification; briefly, what are they?
• Gentrification is a localized, small-scale process; temporary and of little long-term significance • Gentrification is part of a larger “revitalization” of core and inner city; “back-to the-city” movement; spontaneous re-emergence of services, facilities and employment opportunities that will expand; potential to reverse the decline of central/inner city, thus should be encouraged by federal policies; “Back-to the-city-school”
500
What is meant by Spatial displacement of Capital? Why could it be an intrinsic feature of capitalism?
• Opening new spaces for production, raw materials, and new markets in order to expand spatial horizons. This may also involve recreating old spaces or new production sites I newly industrializing parts of the world • Capitalism needs space to function. Economic geography is inherent to successful operation of the system
500
Capitalism produces spaces at three different scales. What are these scales? *For an extra $150 provide an example of each.
• Urban Scale-> neighborhoods and building built up as vanguard of economic growth o In the 19th century, industrial towns in England grew around natural resources • Regional Scale-> In the 19th century manufacturing employment in the US was dramatically reduced in the North and increasing in the South and Western regions • Global Scale-> region to region o rise of east and southeast Asia as regions of rapid growth due to investment in manufacturing industry.
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