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Clue: This discipline is considered a science because it uses systematic observation and experimentation to study mental processes and behavior.
Answer: What is psychology?
This bias leads people to believe they “knew it all along” after an outcome has been revealed.
What is hindsight bias?
This is a testable prediction often derived from a theory.
What is a hypothesis?
This is a statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
What is the correlation coefficient (r)?
This type of research focuses on numerical data, measurements, and statistical analysis.
What is quantitative research?
The three common measures of central tendency are these.
What are mode, mean, and median?
Clue: Recognizing the limits of one's own knowledge and being open to new perspectives is known as this element of the scientific attitude.
Answer: What is humility?
This cognitive error causes people to think they are more capable or accurate in their knowledge or predictions than they actually are.
What is overconfidence?
For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must meet this criterion, meaning it can be proven wrong.
What is falsifiability?
In an experiment, this is the variable that is manipulated to determine its effect.
What is the independent variable?
This research method explores deeper insights through non-numerical data like interviews, observations, and case studies.
What is qualitative research?
This measure of central tendency is the middle score in a distribution when the numbers are arranged in order.
What is the median?
Clue: This element of the scientific attitude involves questioning claims and demanding evidence before accepting conclusions.
Answer: What is skepticism?
When people see patterns or connections in random events, like faces in clouds or streaks in lottery numbers, they are falling into this cognitive tendency.
What is perceiving order in random events?
This term describes a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study, allowing replication by others.
What are operational definitions?
This variable is measured to determine the effect of changes in the independent variable.
What is the dependent variable?
This ethical principle requires that participants are fully informed about a study’s purpose and risks before agreeing to participate.
What is informed consent?
When a distribution is asymmetrical due to outliers, it is called this (appears to slope towards one side).
What is a skewed distribution?
Clue: Curiosity, skepticism, and humility are the key components of this essential mindset that drives scientific inquiry.
Answer: What is the scientific attitude?
Cognitive biases like hindsight bias and overconfidence show why relying on this is less valid than using scientific evidence.
What is common sense?
The process of repeating a research study to see if the basic findings extend to different participants and circumstances.
What is replication?
This statistical phenomenon refers to the tendency for extreme data points to move closer to the average upon repeated measurement.
What is regression toward the mean?
After completing a study, researchers explain its purpose, methods, and findings to participants in this process.
What is debriefing?
This measure of variation shows how much scores deviate from the mean on average.
What is standard deviation?
Clue: This process involves actively analyzing and evaluating information to form a reasoned judgment.
Answer: What is critical thinking?
The systematic approach used by psychology to overcome biases and validate claims through observation, experimentation, and evidence.
What is the scientific method?
This occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn, leading to skewed results.
What is sampling bias?
This principle explains that a relationship between two variables does not imply one causes the other.
What is correlation does not imply causation?
This infamous 1971 study, led by Philip Zimbardo, simulated a prison environment and revealed how quickly individuals could adopt abusive or submissive behaviors based on assigned roles.
What is the Stanford Prison Experiment?
This term refers to the probability that a result is not due to chance and is instead meaningful.
What is statistical significance?