American Slavery
This woman successfully sued for her freedom because her father was a free Englishman, she was Christian, and her required years of service had ended.
Who was Elizabeth Key?
This term describes the belief that a person's region is superior to other sections of the country.
What is sectionalism?
This constitutional amendment officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
What is the 13th Amendment?
This organization provided food, healthcare, education, legal assistance, and other aid to African Americans and white refugees after the Civil War.
What is the Freedmen's Bureau?
These Southern laws enforced racial segregation for decades after Reconstruction.
What were Jim Crow Laws?
These Virginia landowners increasingly relied on enslaved African labor as fewer English indentured servants arrived and tobacco farming required large numbers of workers.
Who were Virginia planters?
As Americans moved west, the North and South increasingly argued about whether this institution would be allowed in new western states.
What is slavery?
Under this president's Reconstruction plan, Southern states had to ratify the 13th Amendment and abolish slavery in their new constitutions.
Who was Andrew Johnson?
This organization terrorized African Americans and their supporters and contributed to declining African American voter turnout.
What is the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)?
This voting restriction required people to pay a fee before they could vote.
What is a poll tax?
Name two factors that allowed slavery to expand as the United States gained western land.
What were new western land, forced removal of Indigenous people, the domestic slave trade, and/or money from investors? (Any two.)
The North's economy centered on manufacturing, while the South's economy centered on this major industry.
What is the cotton industry (King Cotton)?
Southern states passed these laws to severely limit the freedoms of formerly enslaved people and keep many as landless workers.
What were Black Codes?
Congress passed these laws that made interfering with a citizen's right to vote a federal crime and helped curb Klan violence.
What were the Enforcement Acts?
This rule allowed a person to vote only if their ancestor had voted before 1866.
What is a grandfather clause?
This struggling Boston merchant moved to Louisiana, bought land and 21 enslaved people, and became a successful cotton planter.
Who was John Palfrey?
The South believed states should have more power than the federal government and should be able to do this to federal laws they disagreed with.
What is nullify them?
Congress passed this law over President Johnson's veto to guarantee civil rights for African Americans.
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
Under this economic system, African Americans rented land from white landowners and paid with a share of the crops they produced.
What is sharecropping?
Under this informal agreement, Hayes became president and federal troops were removed from the South.
What is the Compromise of 1877?
Besides Southern plantation owners, name two groups or businesses outside the South that profited from the cotton industry.
What were shipping companies, Northern brokers, English factories, and/or Northern insurance companies? (Any two.)
Identify two differences between the North and South before the Civil War.
Examples include: North—urban/industrial, manufacturing economy, stronger national government, opposed expansion of slavery; South—rural/agricultural, cotton economy, stronger states' rights, supported slavery.
Identify the amendment: One prevented states from restricting the rights of U.S. citizens; the other prohibited denying voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
What are the 14th and 15th Amendments
Explain why sharecropping often trapped African Americans in a cycle of debt.
They borrowed money for tools and supplies, often at high interest rates, and much of their earnings went back to the landowner, making the debt difficult to escape.
Why did the removal of federal troops effectively bring Reconstruction to an end?
Without federal troops, Reconstruction laws were no longer effectively enforced; Southern Democrats regained political power, and Jim Crow laws and segregation increased.