Columbian Exchange
Describe the Columbian Exchange.
The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, ideas, diseases, and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.
The devastation of the Native population led the Spanish to ____________
(hint: labor)
import Africans as a new source of labor
Who was Samuel de Champlain, why is he important?
Known as the “Father of New France” He was a French navigator, cartographer, soldier, explorer, and geographer. He found New France and Quebec City in 1608 and came up with the first accurate map of the coast in Canada and he helped many of the settlements in Canada. He was the first European explorer to examine and explain the Great Lakes and establish the maps and journals of his journeys
Describe the ideas of the Enlightenment
The ideas of the Enlightenment, in particular, its faith in scientific method of investigation, its optimism that the new era of scientific-technological advancement and industrialization would lead to a world filled with happiness for all and its attempts to create a social order based on the principles of human reason, tolerance and equality, affected a profound social and intellectual revolution.
Describe the Population of Jamestown, who lived there?
White Planter Elite, a larger population of indentured servants, and a greater gender imbalance.
later, African slaves will become the largest group of people in the South.
Where was the old & new world?
Old: Afro-Eurasia
New: The Americas
Describe the Spanish Encomienda System
The encomienda system is a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in the 1500s. This new system rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. But they didn't just get the land, they got the labor of the people living on the land as well
Which European nation(s) contributed the most to the trans-Atlantic slave trade?
The Portuguese and Spanish carried more enslaved Africans to the Americas, with a recent estimate suggesting just over 5 million slaves transported.
The first European nation to engage in the Transatlantic Slave Trade was Portugal in the mid to late 1400's.
Describe the labor systems in the British Colonies
The English developed diverse labor systems such as intentured servants, enslaved Africans etc.
Why did the Wampanoag fight King Philip's War/Metacom's War?
The New England colonists encroaching Wampanoag land and threatening their sovereignty
Describe the impacts of the Columbian Exchange on the NEW World.
Disease brought from Europe to the Americas devastated the Native population. Smallpox killed around 90% of the population.
Define Encroachment. Describe one example of encroachment that we have learned this year.
intrusion on a person's territory, rights, etc..
What were SPANISH goals for colonization?
- Spread Catholicism
- Glory and Power for the Spanish Crown
- Establishing and Protecting Trade Networks
- Gold and Wealth
What is a joint stock company? (i.e. The Virginia Company)
A joint-stock company is a business owned by its investors, with each investor owning a share based on the amount of stock purchased. Joint-stock companies are created in order to finance endeavors that are too expensive for an individual or even a government to fund.
What was the effect of Bacon's Rebellion?
The biggest effect of Bacon's Rebellion was that labor in Virginia and neighboring Colonies turned away from using indentured servants and began to use African slaves as the primary labor source.
Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the OLD World.
The Columbian exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating population growth, new sources of mineral wealth.
This led to the ongoing shift from feudalism to capitalism in western Europe
Describe the Valladolid debate between De Las Casa's and Sepulveda.
The Valladolid debate (1550–1551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of indigenous people by European colonizers. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the conquest of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism, and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into Spanish society, if they should be forced into the encomienda system, and if they should be forcefully converted to Catholicism.
What we English goals for colonization?
- Religious settlments
- Economic gains (farming, fishing, furs, etc.)
- Promote Mercantilism
- Motivated by imperial competition
- fleeing political and religious conflicts
What made the British colonies different from the other European colonies?
(think governments! give me an example)
DEMOCRACY / REPRESENTATION!
Virginia House of Burgusses - Mayflower Compact
What were the effects of King Philip's War?
King Philip's War is considered the bloodiest war per capita in U.S. history. It left several hundred colonists dead and dozens of English settlements destroyed or heavily damaged. Thousands of Indians were killed, wounded or captured and sold into slavery or indentured servitude.
Describe the Significance of maize to Native American societies
The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areas; a mix of foraging and hunting did the same for societies in the Northwest and areas of California.
Describe the difference between Spanish and French relations with the Native Americans
The Spanish were criticized for their cruelty by both Spanish missionaries and other Europeans. The French sought to make Native Americans into trade partners. French traders used rivers in order to claim the land of North America, though many French preferred to stay home rather than to come to the New World.
Name ONE Native response to European colonization efforts. Name the European group and WHAT they were doing.
King Philip's War - British
Pueblo Revolt - Spanish
Alliances/ Intermarriage - French
What was the significance of the Pueblo Revolt?
The successful revolt kept the Spanish out of New Mexico for 12 years and established a different power dynamic upon their return. The Pueblo Revolt holds great historical significance because it helped ensure the survival of Pueblo's cultural traditions, lands, languages, religions, and sovereignty.
and demonstrated the rejection of Spanish colonial efforts by the Southwestern Native Americans.
How did the economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775
open ended