Unit 1
These four elements are used to build biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are also used to form storage compounds and cells in all organisms.
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
what is the surface area-to-volume ratio
As cells increase in volume/size, the surface area-to-volume ratio decreases
They’re the packaging and distribution centers for materials destined to be sent out of the cell. They package the final products in little sacs called vesicles, which carry products to the plasma membrane.
golgi complex
what are enzymes also called?
how do they speed up a reaction
lower activation energy
factors that affect reaction rates
temp and pH
features of phospholipids
2 hydrophobic tails and hydrophillic head
have sacs that carry digestive enzymes, which they use to break down old, worn-out organelles, debris, or large ingested particles.
lysosomes
3 types of passive transport
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
(TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EACH ONE)
1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics
1st: energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred
2nd: For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
Formula for photosynthesis?
Formula for cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Resp: 6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
3 important functions of water
cohesion, adhesion, surface tension
fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments. multiple functions in plant cells
vacuole
2 examples of prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
Which process releases energy in glucose to form ATP, NADH, and pyruvate?
energy-coupling mechanism: the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
chemiosmosis
4 important parts of a protein's central carbon
An amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), a hydrogen, and an R-group.
functions of rough er and smooth er
rough ER compartmentalizes cell; smooth ER functions in detox and lipid synthesis
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
Passive transport moves along concentration gradient Active transport moves against concentration gradient
Describe the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
competitive binds to active site and noncompetitive binds to other site
Name the order of events of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)
What are the 4 structures of the protein + functions of each?
Primary structure: linear sequence of the amino acids
Secondary structure: composed of alpha helices or beta sheets
tertiary structure: r group bonding to form final 3D structure. includes hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces
quaternary structure: different polypeptide chains sometimes interact with each other
structure of prokaryotic cells (list 3) that make it different from eukaryotic cells
- circular dna
- one chromosome
- no membrane bound organelles
- cell division only by mitosis
- no nucleus
- unicellular
structure of eukaryotic cells (list 3) that make it different from prokaryotic cells
- has nucleus
- linear dna
- membrane bound organelles
- cell division by mitosis and meiosis
- unicellular/multicellular
What is the process of an endergonic reaction being fueled by an exergonic reaction called?
energy coupling
When oxygen is not available, the anaerobic version of respiration occurs. Pyruvate turns into either lactic acid in muscles or ethanol in yeast. What is this emergency process called?
Fermentation