Amino Acids and Protein Chemistry
This amino acid property determines whether the residue will likely be found on the interior or exterior of a globular protein.
What is R-group polarity (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity)?
Increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids has this effect on membrane fluidity.
Answer: What is an increase in membrane fluidity?
DNA strands run in opposite directions. This arrangement is known as:
Answer: What is antiparallel orientation?
The difference between starch and cellulose is primarily due to this type of linkage.
Answer: What is alpha versus beta glycosidic linkages?
A molecule moves from high concentration to low concentration through a carrier protein. This transport mechanism is:
Answer: What is facilitated diffusion?
These two amino acids carry a negative charge at physiological pH and commonly act as proton donors.
Answer: What are aspartate and glutamate?
Cholesterol acts as this type of membrane regulator.
Answer: What is a fluidity buffer?
A researcher measures a DNA sample and finds 19% cytosine. The percentage of guanine must be:
Answer: What is 19%?
Animals can digest starch but not cellulose largely because enzymes are specific for this linkage.
Answer: What are alpha glycosidic bonds?
The Na⁺/K⁺ pump transports these ions in this ratio per ATP molecule hydrolyzed.
Answer: What is 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in?
A mutation replaces valine with lysine in the core of a membrane-spanning region of an integral protein. This property of the protein is most likely disrupted.
Answer: What is membrane embedding due to hydrophobic interactions?
A membrane protein has hydrophobic amino acids facing outward toward the phospholipid tails and charged amino acids lining the pore. This protein is most likely a:
Answer: What is a channel protein?
The phosphodiester bond joins these two regions of neighboring nucleotides.
Answer: What are the 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl groups?
Glycogen differs from amylose because glycogen has this structural feature.
Answer: What is extensive branching?
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:
Answer: What is lose water and shrink?
This bond is unique among tertiary structure interactions because it is a covalent bond rather than a noncovalent interaction.
Answer: What is a disulfide bridge?
An organism suddenly experiences colder temperatures. Which phospholipid modification would help maintain membrane function?
Answer: What is increasing unsaturated fatty acids?
Why can adenine not pair with cytosine in standard DNA?
Answer: What is improper hydrogen-bond geometry and mismatch of donor/acceptor groups?
A carbohydrate's role in cell recognition is most commonly associated with these short branched sugar chains.
Answer: What are oligosaccharides?
This term describes the total concentration of all dissolved solutes in a solution.
Answer: What is osmolarity?
A protein unfolds after exposure to extreme pH, but its peptide bonds remain intact. Which levels of structure are disrupted?
Answer: What are secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures?
These membrane components are primarily responsible for cell recognition and blood typing.
Answer: What are glycoproteins and glycolipids?
A DNA strand has the sequence 5'-ATGCCGA-3'. The complementary strand is:
Answer: What is 3'-TACGGCT-5'?
Hydrolysis of a polysaccharide requires the addition of these components from water.
Answer: What are H⁺ and OH⁻?
Water movement across a membrane depends directly on differences in this property.
Answer: What is water potential/osmotic gradient (difference in osmolarity)?