Properties and Structure of Atoms
This number tells you how many protons an atom has.
What is an atomic number?
A substance that is made up of atoms of different elements, joined together by chemical bonds.
What is a compound?
This theory states that particles must collide with enough energy and correct orientation to react.
What is collision theory?
This strong intermolecular force occurs when H is bonded to N, O, or F.
What is hydrogen bonding?
This type of substance donates hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution.
What is an acid?
This group becomes more reactive as you move down due to weaker attraction to valence electrons.
What are alkali metals?
The attractive force between a metal ion and delocalised electrons that hold metals together.
What is metallic bonding?
Increasing this factor speeds up reactions by exposing more particles to collisions.
What is surface area?
The uneven sharing of electrons in a chemical bond, creating opposite charges on different parts of a molecule.
This scale measures acidity and basicity from 0 to 14.
What is the pH scale?
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
What is the electron configuration for sulfur?
A measure of the mass contained within a given volume.
What is density?
Raising this increases reaction rate because particles move faster and collide more often.
What is temperature?
These weak forces exist between all molecules due to temporary dipoles with very little polarity.
What are dispersion forces?
This reaction occurs when an acid and base form water and a salt.
What is neutralisation?
This property decreases across a period because nuclear charge increases.
What is atomic radius?
The ordered, repeating three dimensional arrangement of atoms, molecules or ions in a solid material.
What is crystalline lattice structure?
This substance speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed.
What is a catalyst?
These forces occur between polar molecules with permanent dipoles.
What are dipole–dipole interactions?
This set of rules determines whether mixing two ionic solutions will form a solid.
What are the solubility rules?
This property increases across a period because electrons are held more tightly.
What is ionisation energy?
The technique for separating mixtures where tubes are placed into a device that spins in a circular motion very fast to push solids to the bottom.
What is centrifugation?
This energy barrier must be overcome for a reaction to proceed.
What is activation energy?
This theory explains gas behaviour using particle motion, collisions, and negligible volume.
What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
Standard methods include coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection using chlorine or ultraviolet light to remove physical debris, chemicals, and harmful disease-causing microorganisms.