Muscles Bones & Joints
On your body point to the: clavicle, patella and phalanges
Clavicle - collar bone
Phalanges - end of your fingers or toes
Define the motor unit
The motor unit is the motor neuron and ALL of the muscle fibres it innervates
Axis, Resistance, Force
A sudden injury where pain and loss of function is experienced immediately and is due to an external force acting on the body is known as a...
Acute direct injury
State an illegal performance enhancing substance that impacts the musculoskeletal system
Anabolic steroids
Human growth hormone
State the 3 types of muscular contractions
Concentric contraction, Eccentric contraction, Isometric contraction
Describe the all or nothing principle
The all or nothing principle states that a motor unit will contract maximally or not at all when the signal meets the threshold.
Describe the order of the 3 components of levers in a first class lever.
Resistance -> Axis -> Force OR Force -> Axis -> Resistance
In a game of lacrosse and athlete has changed direction and as a result injured their knee. They have loss of function of their knee and can no longer walk or move without feeling pain in the knee. Classify the type of injury.
Acute indirect injury
Identify 2 side effects of steroid use.
Any of the following:
Thickening and enlargement of heart, asterioscleoris (hardening of arteries), heart attack and stroke, liver disease and cancer, acne, kidney or prostate cancer, fluid retention, depression, aggression, hair loss, breast enlargement (males), reduced sperm count (males), facial hair growth (females), deeper voice (females)
When completing a squat which muscles are the agonist and which are the antagonist
Agonist: Quadriceps and gluteus maximus (responsible for producing the movement)
Antagonist: Hamstring (must relax to allow the agonist to work)
Define the size principle
The size principle states that motor units are recruited in order from smallest to largest and the amount of motor units recruited is related to the amount of force being produced.
A bat is an example of a _____ class lever
Third
Ice hockey is a contact sport. Describe a strategy an athlete could utilise to prevent injury to the musculoskeletal system
Wearing protective equipment such as a helmet, mouthguards, arm pads and gloves will prevent injury
What is a legal supplement that improves performance of the musculoskeletal system?
Protein
Creatine
Sodium bicarbonate
Nitrate
Calcium and vitamin D
When completing a push up describe the joint action that is occurring at the elbow during the up phase.
Extension
Describe the motor unit recruitment when completing a 1 rep max bench press using your understanding of the size principle.
Draw lacrosse stick and determine the positions of the axis, resistance and force on the lacrosse stick.
Axis - end of the stick (not the the net end
Force - where your top hand is holding the stick
Resistance - end of the stick with the net where the ball is
In a game of lacrosse and athlete has changed direction and as a result injured their knee. They have loss of function of their knee and can no longer walk or move without feeling pain in the knee. How would you immediately respond to manage the injury?
R - Rest - remove from competition and prevent movement of the joint
I - Ice - 20 minutes on and 20 minutes off for 48 hours
C - Compression - wrap the injury in a bandage to prevent blood flow to the injured area - wrap from furthest from the body toward the body
E - Elevate the injury above the heart to prevent further swelling and inflammation
R - Refer - refer to a medical professional
Identify 2 benefits of strength training on the musculoskeletal system.
Any of the following: increased bone density, muscular hypertrophy (increased muscle mass) increased strength of tendons and ligaments, increased speed of muscular contraction, increased efficiency in muscular recruitment, increased stores of ATP, creatine phosphate and glycogen, increased enzyme levels for anaerobic energy production
Identify a joint in the body that allows abduction, adduction, extension, flexion and circumduction. Classify the joint and identify where this joint exists in the body.
Ball & Socket - hip joint or shoulder joint
Using your understanding of both the size principle and all or nothing principle, describe the motor unit recruitment of a gold drive.
A golf drive is a long distance hit so requires a large amount of force, therefore a large amount of motor units are recruited to meet the force demands. Each motor unit will contract maximally or not at all as the golf drive is completed which allows the golf drive to be a smooth movement. The motor units will be recruited from smallest to largest until the force demands of the movement are met.
Calf raise at the ankle joint - Gastrocnemius is the force and it attaches under just past the ankle joint at the back of the foot
Toes is the axis - where you stand up on your toes
Resistance - weight of the body which travels through the middle of the foot
Force -> Resistance -> Axis
Explain an appropriate warm up that an athlete could complete before participating in a game of volleyball.
R - Raise heart rate and muscle temperature by completing jogging for 5 minutes
A - Activate the working muscles - complete dynamic stretches such as arm swings, high knees, leg swings with a partner etc.
M - Mobilise the joint by taking it through it's full range of motion using the dynamic stretches in the activate section
P - Prepare to transition to competition by completing some skill based drills - if a field player complete a keepings off drill and if a goal keeper practice saving some goals by having a partner throw/kick the ball at you.
What is the name of the group responsible for controlling doping in sport.
World Anti Doping Association