People/Dates
Who is the explorer that's credited with starting widespread contact between Europe & America?
Christopher Columbus in 1492.
What are Joint-Stock companies?
Business owned by multiple people (shareholders) who buy shares to fund it.
These individuals were known as the "First Nations People".
Native Americans
North America was in an all-out war between what 4 countries?
England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands
Where did the Columbian exchange take place? (Ocean)
The Atlantic Ocean
This Spanish conquistador defeated the Aztec empire.
Hernan Cortes.
What was the first permanent English settlement and what date was it founded?
Jamestown 1607
This crop became a key food source in Europe after it was grown by many natives.
Maize (corn)
What are the levels of the Spanish Caste system? (4)
Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes (Slaves)
This American crop became a staple in Europe and helped increase the population?
Potato
Who was Juan de Sulpevida and what was his stance?
He was a Spanish philosopher who defended cruelty and domination of Native Americans
Why did the Europeans come to the new world ("The Three G's)?
Spread christianity (God)
Build up empires (Glory)
Search for new sources of wealth (Gold)
What were the Indigenous societies? (Name 3)
Iroquois, Cherokee, Pueblo
What labor system granted Spanish settlers the right to use Native Americans for labor?
The encomienda system
This deadly disease killed millions of natives after contact with the Europeans?
Smallpox
What powerful leader of a native american confederacy in Virginia played a key role in early interactions with the people of Jamestown?
Powhatan
What was Columbus' original destination and where did he think he arrived?
He wanted to travel to China but thought he reached India (hence "Indians")
What native american practice involved controlled burning to manage forests and improve hunting?
Fire stick farming
What was the name for the treaty between Portugal and Spain which divided the world into two spheres of influence?
Treaty of Tordesillas
What was the middle passage?
The brutal journey across the Atlantic ocean to the Americas involving millions of enslaved Africans
What did Bartolome de las Casas advocate for?
Defended the Indigenous people and called their treatment cruel.
What sailing innovation combined square and lateen sails, allowing ships to sail against the wind and making trans-atlantic voyages better?
The Caravel
In what region were native americans commonly associated with buffalo hunting?
Great Plains
Who were the King and Queen of Spain who sponsored Christopher Columbus’ voyage?
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella
This trade was created as a result of the decline in indigenous populations caused by the Colombian exchange.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade