The Skeletal System
List all the bones in the arm
Radius
Ulna
List the 3 types of muscle
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Explain what is meant by chronic injury
An long-term injury that occurs slowly due to a period of prolonged overuse
List one feature of effective protective equipment
Fits correctly
Being worn properly
Has been checked regularly and maintained
Has been replaced if necessary
Identify the agonist and antagonist in a bicep curl
Bicep (agonist)
Tricep (antagonist)
What anatomical movement involves you adding to your bodies midline
Adduction
What is the name of the neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft?
acetylcholine
What does the acronym RICER stand for
R - rest
I - ice
C - compress
E - elevate
R - referal
What is meant by static stretching and when shouldn't it be done?
Someone holding a stretch for 10 seconds or longer, it should not be done prior to exercising
What muscular contraction is occurring in a lateral raise hold
Isometric
List all of the synovial joints
Saddle
Ball & Socket
Hinge
Condyloid
Pivot
Gliding
What are the functions of the muscular system?
To produce movement
Support and maintain posture
To produce heat
To allow the body systems to function (Heart, breathing, circulation and digestion)
What classifies a grade 3 sprain?
Complete tearing of a ligament
How does resistance training work to help prevent injuries?
It increases bone strength, muscle functional capacity and connective tissue size and strength
List the different types of bone
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
What is the order of the vertical column?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx
Provide a definition of the term reciprocal inhibition
Muscles work in pairs to produce movement, one must contract (agonist) to create a desired movement and its partner (antagonist) needs to relax and stretch in order to allow the bones to move.
Explain what osteoporosis is
A progressive bone disease that reduces bone density, weakening bone structure by the formation of holes within the bone and increasing the incidence of bone damage.
Provide two reasons why cool downs aid in recovery
Removing waste products
Replenishing fuels
Preventing blood pooling
Limiting stiffness
Explain the all or nothing principal
When an electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold all of the fibres in that motor unit will will contract at the same time as forcefully as they can. When the impulses reach the threshold ATP is released which results in the muscular contraction occurring.
What are the properties of a synovial joint?
Hyaline cartilage
Joint Capsule
Synovial Membrane & Fluid
Ligaments
Explain what happens in the sliding filament theory
1. Electrical impulse arrives at the relaxed muscle via the CNS
2. Calcium is released which bonds the MYOSIN cross bridges to the ACTIN filament
3. Cross bridges begin to pull the ACTIN filaments towards the middle
4. The muscle contracts and shortens
Explain what osteoarthritis is
Caused by a reduction in the normal amount of cartilage tissue as a result of wear and tear, injury or infection.
Provide 3 reasons why someone may use tape or braces when participating in physical activity
Extra support
Added stability
Minimise the effects of an injury
Explain the process of the muscle receiving an external stimulus
1. Sensory neurons are alerted to an external stimulus
2. Electrical impulse is sent via the CNS
3. Motor neuron receives impulse and transports message down axon terminal
4. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
5. It reaches the motor end plate and triggers calcium to release
6. The calcium binds the actin filaments to the myosin crossbridges
7. ATP is broken down, causing the muscle to contract