Characteristics of life
Biology is...
The study of life
What is a Hypothesis?
Explain the difference between an independent variable and dependent variable
Independent: It's the factor that is manipulated/ changed in an experiment (how much of something is added/ taken away)
Dependent: It's the measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment
*The dependent variable's outcome depends on the independent variable
The four elements that make up the majority of the body are....
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
(CHON)
What are the 6 functional groups
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, Methyl
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Define emergent properties
Smaller parts combine to make increasingly complex systems (Brain)
1) Life depends on the flow of information
2) Structure and function are related
3) Life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy + matter
4) Life depends on interactions within & between systems (ex: emergent properties)
Covalent bonds _____ electrons between elements, whereas Ionic bonds ______ electrons between elements
Covalent bonds share ( 1 covalent bond= 2 electrons)
Ionic bonds take / "steals"
______ breaks down chemical reactions by adding in water (H20)
Hydrolysis
List the properties of life (there's seven of them)
Order, Reproduction, Growth-Development, Energy Processing, Regulation, Response to Environment, Evolutionary Adaptation
What's the difference between qualitative and quantitative
Qualitative = description ("small, squared, blue")
Quantitative = includes numerical measurements ("1,2,3")
What are the main organisms of an ecosystem? (there are three)
Producers: Mainly plants; they provide food (Autotrophs)
Consumers: Mainly Animals; they eat plants and other animals (Heterotrophs)
Decomposers: fungi; they act as recyclers that change complex matter into simpler chemicals that plants can absorb (Heterotrophs)
Cations have a _____charge and Anions are ____ charged
Cations have a positive charge, and Anions have a negative charge
*Ion is anything that has a charge
______ _______ bonds chemical reactions together by removing water (H20)
Dehydration reactions/ synthesis
List the levels of organization of life from smallest to largest
Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
Inductive vs Deductive reasoning
I: Makes generalizations based on collecting and analyzing a large amount of data (uses patterns to form a conclusion)
D: Goes from general ideas to predicted and specific results (uses facts to arrive at a conclusion)
What is Charles Darwin recognized for?
His theory of evolution + hypothesis that all life forms are related
Properties of Water (5)
1)Cohesion: when there's H-bonding between same substances (when water sticks to itself)
2)Adhesion: when there's H-bonding between substances (when water can stick to materials)
Cohesion+ Adhesion = surface tension
3) High Heat Capacity: Water has a high specific heat
4) Density: Ice is less dense (lighter than liquid water) because H-bonds in water are farther apart from each other
5) Solvent: Water is the universal solvent; it's able to dissolve hydrophilic solutes
* Solvent is something that dissolves, and Solute is the thing being dissolved
* hydrophilic = water loving
If monomers are the "building blocks" =, then ____ are the "chains" consisting of monomers
Polymer
Explain the difference between a population, community, and ecosystem
Population: Multiple individuals (same species)
Community: Living interactions between different individuals (predator/prey)
Ecosystem: Nonliving+ Living interactions
A Scientific Theory is...
much broader compared to a hypothesis + it's supported by large and growing evidence (generates new hypotheses)
Three Points of Natural Selection
1: Although NS occurs through interactions between individual organisms and their environment, individuals CANNOT evolve (humans can't grow gills in water)
2: NS can only AMPLIFY or DIMINISH heritable traits (bodybuilders can't give birth to muscle-bound babies)
3: Evolution is not goal-oriented; the ENVIRONMENT chooses
* Natural selection is more of an editing process rather than creating; it cannot create beneficial traits on demand
What pH levels are considered acidic, basic, and neutral
Acidic:0-6.9
neutral:7
Basic:7.1-14
Dehydration synthesis is a form of _____, whereas Hydrolysis is a form of _____
1) Anabolism, building up, making
2) Catabolism, breaking down/ destroying