Proteins & Nucleotides
Proteins were originally thought to be genetic material. DNA was thought to be too simple with only four bases. Protein was ________ (20 different amino acids) and ___________ (perform many roles in the cell).
What is complex and diverse?
The structure of RNA.
The three types of RNA.
What are messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA?
Groups of three bases are called this.
What are codons?
These are the four types of mutations.
What are silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift?
These are the five elements in proteins.
What are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur?
What is Uracil?
Carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?
The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA provides instructions for building a __________ through codons.
What is a protein?
This type of mutation has no effect on the protein, and this one alters many amino acids and disrupts protein function.
What is silent and frameshift?
These are the five elements in nucleotides.
What are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus?
RNA consist of nucleotides that contain: a __________ sugar group, a _____________ group, and one of four _________ __________.
What is ribose, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base?
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, where proteins are assembled.
What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
The DNA ___________ acts like a code that instructs the cell on how to build a specific protein with a specific function.
What is sequence?
This mutation creates a stop codon leading to an incomplete protein and this one changes one amino acid, potentially altering protein function.
What is nonsense and missense?
Since the only difference between proteins and nucleotides is _____ vs. _______, Hershey & Chase tagged each as radioactive to see which would enter the bacteria cells. Only phosphorous did, proving DNA was the genetic material.
What is sulfur vs. phosphorus?
Four differences between RNA and DNA:
1. DNA is double-stranded, RNA is ____________.
2. DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ______________.
3. DNA has thymine, RNA has _______.
4. DNA stays in the nucleus. RNA can move between the nucleus and _____________.
What is single-stranded, ribose, uracil, and cytoplasm?
Delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Changes in the sequence of the nucleotides are called this.
What are mutations?
This process occurs in the nucleus. An enzyme (RNA polymerase) reads the DNA template and builds a complementary strand of mRNA. The mRNA then carries the genetic code out of the nucleus.
How to spell the element whose symbol is P.
Phosphorus
(DNA, RNA, or BOTH) has/have a sugar phosphate backbone.
What is both?
mRNA carries genetic info from the DNA in the nucleus to the ____________ in the _______________.
What is ribosomes in the cytoplasm?
Proteins, made of these, determine traits by performing various structural or functional roles in the body.
What are amino acids?
This process occurs in the cytoplasm at a ribosome. mRNA is read in codons by the ribosome. tRNA brings the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome. The amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide chain, which folds into a functional protein.
What is translation?