ATOMS
What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?
Protons, Electrons, and Neurons
Which functional group, consisting of an oxygen atom bound to a hydrogen atom (-OH), is present in alcohols?
HYDROXYL GROUP
Why does ice float on water?
When water freezes, it expands, which makes ice less dense than liquid water.
What is the substance that dissolves in water to form a solution?
SOLUTE
What is the four major types of chemical reactions?
Dehydration, Hydrolysis, Neutralization, Redox
What term describes atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?
ISOTOPES
Which functional group gives vinegar its acidity and is found in organic acids?
CARBOXYL GROUP
Which property of water allows it to absorb and release significant amounts of heat, which helps in temperature regulation?
Water's high heat capacity
What type of molecules dissolve easily in water and are hydrophilic?
Polar molecules and Charged Ions
When an acid and a base combine to generate salt and water, what type of reaction occurs?
NEUTRALIZATION REACTION
Which atomic characteristic controls the strength of an atom's attraction to electrons in a covalent bond?
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Which nitrogen-containing functional group is present in proteins and amino acids and is necessary for protein structure?
AMINE GROUP (-NH2)
What term describes how water molecules stick to one another, causing surface tension?
COHESION
Which process is responsible for the constant breakdown and recombination of water molecules to produce H30+ and OH?
AUTO-IONIZATION
What is the opposite of dehydration synthesis, when big or large molecules are broken down by water?
HYDROLYSIS
When electrons are moved from one atom to another, producing charged ions, what kind of chemical bond is formed?
IONIC BOND
What functional group, found in metabolites such as G3P, is essential for energy transfer inside cells?
PHOSPHATE GROUP (-PO4)
What mechanism or process do adhesion and cohesion use to carry water up plant stems?
CAPILLARY ACTION
What is the classification for a solution that contains more H30+ (hydronium) ions?
ACIDIC SOLUTION
What happens to an atom that oxidizes in a redox reaction?
LOSES ELECTRONS
In order to reach a complete outer shell of eight electrons, which rule specifies that atoms often gain, lose, or share electrons?
OCTET RULE
Which functional group has a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and is found in aldehydes and ketones?
CARBONYL GROUP (C=O)
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
Because oxygen has a small negative charge and hydrogen has a slight positive charge, resulting in an unequal charge distribution.
Why are oils and other non-polar substances considered hydrophobic in water?
Since they lack charge differences, they are unable to create hydrogen bonds with molecules of water.
What role does the reducing agent serve in a redox reaction?
To transfer electrons and be oxidized