Clone Wars
This is the Central Dogma
What is Gene Expression: Replication, Transcription, and Translation
Explain the etymology of the suffix -genesis, as in Organogenesis
Meaning origin, creation, generation, or pertaining to origins.
This is the main purpose of operons
To regulate transcription
These two words mean "having half the number of chromosomes" and "having homologous copies of each chromosome," respectively
What are haploid and diploid
What is Cleavage
This cloning experiment supported the differential expression hypothesis from Steward's Carrot experiment AND introduced the understanding of how cell differentiation restricts genetic potential over time.
What is Gurdon's Tadpole experiment
This is the stage where we begin to first see cellular differentiation and distinct cell layers
What is Gastrulation
This group of life uses operons to regulate their DNA
This fact about the process of sea urchin spawning makes them a great tool to study fertilization.
What is external fertilization
This is a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by a hollow ball of cells
This is the difference between cloning plant experiments and cloning animal experiments?
This determines the dorsal-ventral axis
The entry of the sperm, which causes cortical rotation, and forms the gray crescent
In this type of regulation, the regulatory protein is a repressor and turns transcription off
What is negative regulation
Why are twins not a case of polyspermy?
Uneven distribution of these into blastomeres during early cleavages sets up the cells for cell differentiation
What are Cytoplasmic Determinants
Identify the difference between Embroyonic Stem cells and Adult Stem cells, and define each term!
Adult Stem cells are pluripotent (aka, can differentiate into a limited number of cell types)
Embroyonic Stem cells are totipotent (aka, can differentiate into any cell)
This is an observed phenomenon where a single genotype may produce multiple phenotypes depending on environmental conditions
It is also an example of eukaryotic gene regulation
What is developmental plasticity
Explain two processes through which eukaryotes regulate transcription
Acetylation - chromatin made accessible for transcription
Methylation - chromatin condensed and not available for transcription
This is the slow block to polyspermy
This fact separates chicken embryos development from frog and sea urchin development
Describe the process by which Dolly the sheep was cloned
1. Mammary cell taken from donor and "dedifferentiated"
2. Egg cell taken from donor and "enucleated"
3. Dedifferentiated nucleus transplanted into enucleated egg cell and implanted into surrogate mother
A mutation in these would cause development to proceed in a way where morphology of appendages changes drastically. Identify what and why
What are Hox Genes, because they are master developmental genes that directly control the identity of body parts
This is the difference between negative regulation of the TRP operon and of the LAC operon
What is: Binding of the signal molecule.
Binding of the signal molecule in the TRP operon activates the repressor to turn the operon off
Binding of the signal molecule in the LAC operon inactivates the repressor to turn the operon on
Explain the purpose of the acrosome, and where it is found
This is what happens when there is a moderate amount of yolk present in a fertilized egg cell (think: frog)
What is asynchronous cell division, formation of an animal and vegetal pole, and slower cleavage through the yolky hemisphere