Parts of the Cell
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
To serve as a selective barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.
How do hormones travel to their targets?
The bloodstream
What is the driving force for passive transport? Which way do particles move?
The concentration gradient. Particles will always move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in passive transport.
Molecules move from an area of __________ to an area of _________ during active transport.
Low concentration to high concentration
How does creatine regenerate ATP so quickly?
Creatine phosphate donates a phosphate group to ADP and BAM, ATP is made.
What does the term amphipathic mean and what molecule have we talked about that is amphipathic?
Contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. Phospholipids.
What the difference between a primary and secondary endocrine organ? Give an example of each :)
Primary would be something like the adrenal gland, thyroid, pituitary, hypothalamus, etc.
secondary could be the heart, kidneys, muscle, skin
What are the two types of passive transport and what is different between them?
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion requires a transport protein (channel/carrier).
What two types of energy are used to move molecules across the membrane during active transport?
Energy from ATP or the movement of an ion (Na+)
The 3 products of ATP breakdown are:
ADP, Pi, and Energy
Why would the mitochondria be called a living necropolis?
Describe how negative feedback works to control hormone concentrations in the bloodstream?
IF something is too low then it is brought up and vice versa. The same magnitude that a hormone is off is the same magnitude the system works to correct it
What causes a carrier protein to change shape and move molecules in or out of the cell?
Random conformational changes
What type of protein is required for active transport?
A pump
What molecules are put together to make ATP?
ADP + Pi + H +energy
Fusion and fission.
Fusion forms new, stronger mitochondria
Fission breaks off damaged parts of mitochondria
Walk me through the process of increasing blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when BP drops
no typey look at slide
What type of energy is required for passive transport?
No energy is required for passive transport.
In secondary transport, energy is captured from what to move a molecule?
Energy is captured from the diffusion of a charged molecule to move a second molecule.
How many molecules of oxygen are used during glycolysis to make ATP?
Zero
Where does protein synthesis aka translation take place? What else is required for translation?
Takes place at the ribosome in the cytosol. ATP, mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids are required. Technically can also say water is required, so hydrate to build muscles!
What happens when epinephrine binds to α1, β1, and β2 receptors? Where are those located?
α1- arteries, increases BP by constricting vessels
β1- heart, increases beat rate and pumping force
β2- lungs, bronchodilation
What 3 molecules did we identify that participate in passive transport?
H2O, O2, and CO2!
What is the name of the membrane transport protein that moves Na+ and glucose into the cell and is the target protein for many sport beverages?
SGLT2- Sodium Glucose Transporter 2
What are the 3 products of glycolysis?
ATP, NADH, and Pyruvate