Proteins
This level of protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids.
What is primary structure?
This is what is meant when molecules are referenced as "organic"?
What is they are carbon-containing?
A scientist makes this type of statement about observations before testing them.
What is a hypothesis?
This type of bond forms between oppositely charged R-groups in proteins.
What is an ionic bond?
These are the monomers of carbohydrates.
What are monosaccharides?
The R groups of amino acids primarily determine this property of a protein.
What is the protein's shape/function?
Oils and fats do not mix with water because of this property.
What is hydrophobicity?
These variables are measured or observed to determine the effect.
What are dependent variables?
This is the reason why hydrophobic interactions occur.
What is the difference in polarity amongst the protein/"like wanting to be surrounded by like"?
The sugar in DNA is called this.
What is deoxyribose?
Level(s) of protein structure that you might see disulfide bonds.
Tertiary or quaternary
This type of reaction links monomers together to form polymers by removing a water molecule.
What is a dehydration synthesis reaction (creating a peptide bond between N and C)?
This is the difference between a control and a constant.
What is a control is the group that does not receive the experimental treatment (used for comparison), while a constant is an outside variable "held constant"/controlled to prevent confounding variables?
If I had a mixture of CH3Cl and H2O, explain what the possible hydrogen bonds are.
What are the hydrogen bonds between two different water molecules?
The difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is this.
What is the presence of double bonds in unsaturated fats?
Explain why a single amino acid substitution can change a protein's structure and function.
What is because the substitution changes the R-group interactions, altering folding and the overall shape, which changes function?
Explain why isotopes of an element behave chemically almost identically, but may differ in physical properties.
What is because isotopes have the same number of protons/electrons (only the number of neutrons changes), and this can change the mass and stability?
Explain why multiple trials and repeated experiments are important in the scientific method.
What is because they reduce the influence of random errors and increase precision (or at least allow you to access this)?
In a hypothetical molecule, oxygen atoms are replaced with sulfur. Predict one way this would cause a change from what we have learned.
What is hydrogen bonding would not occur as often because now the only two acceptors are Nitrogen and Fluorine, meaning that the, for ex. protein, would not be properly folded?
In a phosphodiester bond, the phosphate group of one nucleotide connects these two parts of neighboring nucleotides.
What are the 3' hydroxyl group of one sugar and the 5' phosphate group of the next sugar?
This process occurs when a protein loses its structure due to heat, pH, or other stressors.
What is denaturation?
A cation has 12 protons and 10 electrons. Identify the ion.
What is Mg2+ because it loses two electrons to achieve a stable state?
A scientist collects data on the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis. The results are inconsistent: some measurements are higher at low light than at moderate light. Before drawing a conclusion, what should the scientist consider, and why? Give examples if applicable.
What is the scientist should consider sources of error, variability in measurements, or confounding variables (examples: time of day, temperature, method of measurement, etc.)?
Compare the relative strength of peptide, disulfide, hydrogen, and hydrophobic interactions.
What are 1)peptide, 2)disulfide, 3)hydrogen, 4) hydrophobic interactions?
Explain how the structure of a phospholipid contributes to its function in the cell membrane.
What is that phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming a bilayer that controls the passage of substances due to a difference in polarity?