Chapter 1
Hypothesis
What is an explanation based on observations and assumptions that leads to a prediction that is testable?
The three subatomic particles
What is protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Cohesion
What is water molecules sticking to other water molecules?
Carbon's feature that allows it to form large, complex molecules
What is carbon's four valence electrons?
The difference between independent and dependent variables
What is independent variables are what is changed/manipulated, and dependent variables are what is measured/observed?
Essential elements and trace elements
What is essential elements are those required for life, and trace elements are those that are required but only in very small amounts?
The property of water demonstrated by capillary action
What is adhesion?
The four ways carbon skeletons can vary
What is length, double bond position, branching, and presence of rings?
The levels of biological organization in order from smallest to largest
What is atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere?
The difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds
What is covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms based on the octet rule, and ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between oppositely charged atoms?
Expansion upon freezing
What is when water freezes, this causes the ice to expand and float because molecules cannot pack as tightly when frozen?
Cis-trans isomers
What is the same covalent bonds but they differ in their spatial arrangements?
The requirements for a good hypothesis
What is testable, falsifiable, clear, specific, includes independent and dependent variables, and state specific relationships?
Hydrogen bonds
What is occurs between two polar molecules that both contain hydrogen with a partial positive and a partial negative fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen?
The difference between acids and bases
What is acids increase H+ concentration and donate hydrogens, and bases reduce H+ concentration and accept hydrogens?
The seven functional groups that are most important in biology
The seven characteristics of life
What is contain nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, and lipids; composed of cells; reproduce; use energy and raw materials; respond; maintain homeostasis; evolve and have adaptive traits?
Electronegativity and what is determines
What is electronegativity is an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons towards itself, and it determines if bonds equally or unequally share electrons?
Universal solvent
What is water molecules surround the individual atoms in a compound and separate them (a sphere of water molecules surrounds the solute during dissolution)?
The reason enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry
What is two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects in which only one is biologically active, and the differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate how organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules?