Vocab
The most basic structural and functional unit of life; the smallest part of an organism that is still capable of all life’s processes
What is Cell?
Specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function
What is Organelle?
Key large biological molecules that make up all living things
What is Macromolecule?
The monomer of nucleic acids
What is Nucleotide?
The monomer of lipids
What is Fatty Acid?
The monomer of carbohydrates
What is Monosaccharide?
The study of bodily structures
What is Anatomy?
Head, neck, and trunk
Toward the upper part; above
What is Superior (cranial)?
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
What is Anterior (Ventral)?
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
What is Medial?
Closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body trunk
What is Proximal?
Farther from the point where the limb attaches to the body trunk
What is Distal?
The standard position used as a reference point for directional terms; where a person is standing up with feet slightly apart and arms at their sides
What is Anatomical Position?
The monomer of proteins
What is Amino Acid?
Biological catalysts; mostly proteins
What is Enzyme?
Molecules that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to get the reaction going without changing the reactants or products
What is Catalyst?
The highly specific location on an enzyme where substrates (reactants) bind
What is Active Site?
The process of stem cells, or undifferentiated cells, undergoing specialization to become specific types of cells with different functions
What is Differentiation?
The study of tissues
What is Histology?
Appendages (limbs)
What is Appendicular?
Away from the upper part; toward the lower part; below
What is Inferior (Caudal)?
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
What is Posterior (dorsal)?
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
What is Lateral?
Toward or at the body surface
What is Superficial?
Away from the body surface
What is Deep?
Stability of the internal environment and the mechanisms that maintain that stability
What is Homeostasis?
Sensory organ that receives the stimulus
What is Receptor?
An action that evokes a response
What is Stimulus?
An organ that does the response
What is Effector?
The effect, caused by the stimulus
What is Response?
When the output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the overall process itself, usually leading to inhibition of the process
What is Feedback Inhibition?
The study of cells
What is Cytology?
In between
What is Intermediate?
Flat surfaces used to divide the body into different sections
What is Body planes?
Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections
What is Sagittal?
A sagittal plane that crosses through the midline of the body
What is Midsagittal?
A sagittal plane that does not cross through the midline of the body
What is Parasagittal?
Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)
What is Frontal (coronal)?
The movement of molecules across the cell membrane that doesn’t require extra energy, moving down the concentration gradient
What is Passive Transport?
The movement of molecules across the cell membrane that does require extra energy, moving against the concentration gradient
What is Active Transport?
A solution with a water concentration lower than the cell’s cytoplasm
What is Hypertonic Solution?
A solution with a water concentration higher than the cell’s cytoplasm
What is Hypotonic Solution?
A solution with a water concentration identical to the cell’s cytoplasm
What is Isotonic Solution?
Molecules that bind to other molecules (receptor proteins) for signaling purposes
What is a Ligand?
The study of bodily functions
What is Physiology?
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections (above and below)
What is Transverse (Cross Section)?
Skin, the covering of the body’s surface
What is Cutaneous Membrane?
Mucosae; lines all body cavities that open to the outside of the body
What is Mucous Membrane?
Serosa; lines ventral body cavities that are closed as well as covers many organs
What is Serous Membrane?
Type of serous membrane that lines the body cavity
What is Parietal Membrane?
Type of serous membrane that covers internal organs
What is Visceral Membrane?
A sequence of events initiated by a signal that leads to a cellular response
Any molecule that blocks the normal ligand from binding, thus preventing communication along the signal transduction pathway
What is an Inhibitor?
The passing along of the signal until the desired response is reached
What is Transduction?
Addition of a phosphate group by kinases that changes a molecule’s shape and contributes to transduction
What is Phosphorylation?
Removal of a phosphate group by phosphatases that changes a molecules shape and contributes to transduction
What is Dephosphorylation?
A small molecule that serves as an intermediate between the receptor and the cascade of responses after
What is Second Messenger?
The membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord in the dorsal body cavity
What is Meninges?
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and work together for a common function
What is Tissues?
A distinct structure made up of at least 2 different types of tissues
What is an Organ?
One or more cells that create and secrete different products
Exocrine = externally secreting (Ex. Sweat as a product)
Endocrine = internally secreting (Ex. Hormones as products)
What are Glands?
Highly specialized nerve cells that make up nervous tissue and generate and conduct nerve impulses
What is a Neuron?