Properties of Water
This property of water allows it to have partially charged "poles" at opposite ends of the molecule.
Polarity
Name elements of carbohydrates.
Also identify the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates.
CHO
Monomer: monosaccharide
Polymer: polysaccharide
Name elements of lipids.
Name the monomer and polymer of lipids.
CHO
No consistent monomer/polymer.
Lipids have a glycerol head and a various number of fatty acid tails.
Name elements of proteins.
Name the monomer and polymer of proteins.
CHON
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptide (AKA: protein)
Name elements of nucleic acids.
Name the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids.
CHONP
Monomer: nucleotide
Polymer: DNA/RNA
Name the elements of water and describe their relative charges.
2 Hydrogen Atoms: Slightly Positive
1 Oxygen Atom: Slightly Negative
What type of bonds link the monomers of carbs together to create the polymers?
glycosidic linkage
What type of bonds link the monomers of lipids together to create the polymers?
Ester linkage
What type of bonds link the monomers of proteins together to create the polymers?
Polypeptide bonds
What type of bonds link the monomers of nucleic acids together to create the polymers?
Phosphodiester bonds
The type of bond BETWEEN water molecules is a _____ bond. The type of bond WITHIN water molecules is a _____ bond.
Hydrogen Bonds = BETWEEN
Polar Covalent Bonds = WITHIN
This type of complex carbohydrate forms the cell wall of plants and creates the dietary fiber in our diets we needs for a healthy digestive tract.
Cellulose
What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids only have a single covalent bond between carbons, making them solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double covalent bonds between carbons, making them liquid at room temperature (because their tails cannot neatly stack together because of the "kinks" in the tails caused by the bonds.)
Name 5 things proteins do.
Immune Response
Cell Signaling
Transport
Enzyme Activity
Sensory Input (see, taste, touch, smell, hear)
Storage
Movement
Structure
Briefly describe chargaff's base-pairing rules.
If an organism's DNA has 20% adenine, what percentage of thymine, cytosine, and guanine does the DNA have?
A pairs with T and C pairs with G
20% adenine
20% thymine
30% cytosine
30% guanine
This term is the measure of an atom's ability to pull electrons away from another atom and towards itself. This often creates "poles" within molecules establishing positive and negative sides of a molecule.
Electronegativity
Why are foods high in carbs considered "quick energy foods"?
These are often called the “quick energy foods” because they are quickly converted to ATP within
cells.
How are phospholipids arranged to within a cell membrane. Use the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic in your answer.
Within a cell membrane, phospholipids are arranged with the polar, hydrophilic (water loving) head pointed outward and the nonpolar, hydrophobic (water fearing) tails pointing inward.
What is the term used for the unfolding of proteins due to environmental conditions? Name at least two of these unsuitable conditions.
Denaturing is when a protein unfolds and loses its shape; thereby, losing its function.
Things like pH and temperature can lead to denaturing of proteins.
Describe the directionality of DNA.
DNA directionality refers to the specific orientation of a DNA strand, determined by the numbering of carbon atoms in its sugar molecule, where one end is designated as the 5' (five prime) end and the other as the 3' (three prime) end.
The two strands in a DNA double helix run antiparallel, meaning they are oriented in opposite directions, with one strand running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.
List and describe the 4 properties of water.
1. Water is "sticky": cohesion and adhesion are properties that allow water to stick to other water molecules as well as other polar substances.
2. Water is a moderator of temperature: high specific heat allows water to minimize temperature fluctuations and remain within limits that permit life. Water’s high heat of vaporization helps to moderate the climate.
3. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid: ICE FLOATS!
4. Water is the solvent of life: because of water's polarity, it can easily form hydrogen bonds with many other substances.
Carbohydrates are stored in plants as _____ and in animals as _____.
Starch, Glycogen
Adding 3 fatty acid tails to a glycerol head creates a triglyceride. What process is used to create this molecule?
Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation Reaction: A triglyceride is formed through dehydration synthesis when one glycerol molecule reacts with three fatty acid molecules, with each fatty acid attaching to a hydroxyl group on the glycerol, resulting in the release of three water molecules and the formation of ester bonds between the glycerol and fatty acids; essentially, the process "dehydrates" by removing water molecules to create a triglyceride molecule.
Name the parts of an amino acid. (Hint: there are 5)
1. Amine group
2. Carboxyl group
3. Central Carbon
4. Hydrogen
5. Variable R-group (side chain)
How are DNA and RNA different?
DNA: double stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, has A,T,C,G bases, bound to the nucleus
RNA: single stranded, contains ribose sugar, had A,U,C,G bases, is found in nucleus and cytoplasm