Topic 1.2-1.3
Renaissance intellectuals who studied classical civilization and its texts.
Bonus: Although most of these intellectuals were Christians, they tended to emphasize different values than did medieval scholars due to the content of most classical texts being __________, or worldly, rather than religious.
humanists/secular
Creator of the printing press during the 15th century.
Bonus: This was completed in 1456 by the printing press and is the first known example of a book produced by the printing press.
Johannes Gutenberg/Gutenberg Bible
Economic idea that motivated the search for a route to the East due to its focus on a nation measuring their wealthy by the amount of gold and silver they own.
Bonus: What's the difference between an import and export?
mercantilism/import=coming in/export=going out
Bonus: Area in Western Africa that contained a massive amount of gold in the late 15th century.
Prince Henry the Navigator/Gold Coast
Economic system that includes private ownership of the means of production.
Bonus: Individuals that emerged in the 15th century who assumed the risk of a business venture.
capitalism/entrepreneurs
Commonly referred to as the father of Humanism, this Italian poet and scholar searched for forgotten Latin manuscripts due to his love for language.
Bonus: Due to his work the Italian _________, or everyday language of the region began to grow.
Petrarch/vernacular
German monk that used his 99 Theses to spread religious reforms against the Catholic Church in the 16th century.
Bonus: What invention by Johannes Gutenberg allowed for the massive widespread growth of religious reforms against the Catholic Church in the 16th century?
Martin Luther/printing press
Bonus: Term that refers to the study and making of maps.
lateen sails, sternpost rudder, astrolabe, quadrant, compass/cartography
Eventually the Portuguese began to establish settlements in the 1530s in Brazil that were defined as large farms that usually grow a single cash crop such as sugar, tobacco, or cotton.
Bonus: Name at least two European Atlantic port cities that began due to shifting new markets overseas.
plantations/Lisbon, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Bristol
Economy that emerged in the 15th and 16th centuries due to the need for banks and commercial capital markets.
Bonus: Type of accounting created where both sides of each transaction tracked it in a ledger.
money economy/double entry bookkeeping
Machiavelli's most famous work, titled ________, stressed on the need for an absolute ruler to use any means necessary to achieve political no matter the cost of their morality.
Bonus: Renaissance art style that focused on the usage of the natural world and the imitation of nature in works of art.
The Prince/naturalism
England ruler in 1527 that broke from the Catholic Church and established his own Church of England due to the pope not recognizing his divorce from his wife who wasn't able to produce a male heir.
Bonus: Legal document passed by the English Parliament in 1534 that made the king of England the head of the Church of England.
Henry VIII/Acts of Supremacy
Treaty between Spain and Portugal where they agreed on separate spheres of colonial influence.
Bonus: The system put into place by the Spanish under Queen Isabella that focused on using large landowners to force indigenous people to work on plantations for food and shelter.
Treaty of Tordesillas/econmienda
The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (Americas) following the voyage of Christopher Columbus.
Bonus: Name at least two diseases that were exchanged due to this event.
Columbian Exchange/smallpox, measles, etc
Farming system throughout most of the 17th century that centered on farmers that farmed for survival.
Bonus: A period of drastic weather changes across Europe in the 14th century that forced farmers to reevaluate their style of farming.
subsistence agriculture/Little Ice Age
Northern Renaissance humanists focused more on ________ than their counterparts of the Italian Renaissance.
Bonus: The German master who traveled to Italy to enhance his art skills, as well as creating prints and woodcuts.
religion/Albrecht Durer
English ruler following the death of Mary Tudor's death that attempted to find a middle ground in religious reform, sometimes called the Anglican Compromise.
Bonus: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabellas were the leaders of what emerging monarchy during the 15th century?
Elizabeth I/Spain
First permanent settlement by the English in North America.
Bonus: Ancient empire that Crotes was able to take over for the Spanish government.
Jamestown/Aztec Empire
Bonus: Name the trading route that involved shipping enslaved Africans to the Americas and the West Indies.
demographic catastrophe/Middle Passage
Inflationary period in the 16th century across Europe due to the growth of commerce and the commercialization of agriculture.
Bonus: England pass laws that allowed investors and commercial farmers to buy land and build _________ around them leading to the end of the open field system.
price revolution/enclosures
Northern Renaissance Baroque artist that emphasized the dramatic use of light and shadows.
Bonus: His most famous painting that depicted soldiers getting ready to defend a city.
Rembrandt/The Night Watch
English law court created in the late 15th century that was meant to hear cases against the wealthy and powerful individuals whom regular courts might have been unwilling to convict.
Bonus: French nobles that gained power by holding important state offices.
Star Chamber/nobles of the robe
Conflict in the 17th and 18th centuries that centered on the Spanish throne due to rival claimants fighting bitterly following the death of the childless king Charles II.
Bonus: Series of battles between Great Britain and France in the 18th century that included battles over North American colonies.
Name at least two goods that came to Europe from the Americas.
Bonus: Name at least two goods that came to the Americas from Europe or Africa.
tobacco, furs, indigo, fist, rice, meat, rum/gold enslaved people