Native Societies
This crop supported population growth and more complex societies throughout much of the Americas.
Maize/Corn
These three general motivations for European exploration are often summarized as “God, Gold, and Glory.”
Spreading Christianity, gaining wealth, and increasing national power?
This term describes the transfer of plants, animals, people, technology, and diseases across the Atlantic after 1492.
The Columbian Exchange?
This term refers to the Spanish explorers and conquerors who claimed territory in the Americas.
Conquistadores
This Spanish priest argued that Indigenous peoples were fully human and deserved better treatment.
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Native peoples of the Great Basin and Great Plains often followed this animal, which provided food, clothing, and tools.
Buffalo
This 1494 agreement divided Spanish and Portuguese claims in the Americas.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Horses, pigs, sugar cane, and this devastating disease traveled from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Americas.
Smallpox
This conquistador defeated the Aztec Empire in Mexico.
Hernán Cortés
These 1542 Spanish laws attempted to end Indigenous slavery and limit the encomienda system.
New Laws of 1542
Because they lived in a dry environment, the Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblo peoples developed these systems to support agriculture.
Irrigation Systems
The Ottoman capture of this city in 1453 encouraged Europeans to search for new sea routes to Asia.
Constantinople
Name two crops that originated in the Americas and transformed diets in Europe, Africa, or Asia.
Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans.
This conquistador defeated the Inca Empire in Peru.
Francisco Pizarro
During this debate, Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda argued over the status and treatment of Indigenous peoples.
The Valladolid Debate
The Adena-Hopewell culture and other societies in this region built large earthen structures and developed extensive trade networks.
Mississippi River Valley?
Name two technological developments that made European overseas exploration easier.
The sailing compass, improved ships, improved mapmaking, gunpowder, or the printing press?
This business organization allowed many investors to share the risks and potential profits of overseas ventures.
Joint-stock company
Under this labor system, Spanish colonists received control over Indigenous workers who were forced to farm or work in mines.
Encomienda System
Compared with the Spanish and English, this European nation generally maintained better relations with Native peoples because it emphasized the fur trade and military alliances.
France
Explain why Native American societies developed diverse cultures before European contact.
They adapted to different climates, landforms, and natural resources, which produced different economic practices, settlement patterns, and social structures.
Explain how the development of European nation-states encouraged overseas exploration.
Powerful monarchs funded exploration to gain trade, wealth, territory, and power while competing with rival nations.
Explain one major difference between the effects of the Columbian Exchange in the Americas and in Europe.
European diseases caused a severe decline in Indigenous populations, while American crops improved diets and contributed to population growth in Europe.
Explain why the Spanish increasingly imported enslaved Africans into their American colonies.
The Spanish needed labor for plantations and mines, especially after disease and brutal working conditions caused Indigenous populations to decline.
Compare the Spanish, English, and French approaches toward Native Americans.
The Spanish generally subjugated Native peoples for labor, the English displaced them to acquire land, and the French treated them primarily as trading partners and military allies.