Neuromuscular Disease
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is caused by antibodies targeting this structure
Post-Synaptic Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Achondroplasia is caused by an inability to perform this biological function (I want the actual name not just what it does)
Endochondral Ossification
This is the crucial first step in examining the carotids following inspection
Auscultation
This band of a sarcomere contains primarily actin/thin filaments
I-Band/Light band
Gs proteins have this affect on cytosolic cAMP
Stimulatory/Increasing
Acetylcholine
Neighboring Osteons can communicate via these structures
Volkmann's Canals
This technique can allow you to subtly measure the patients respiratory rate as to cause a change from its natural state
Measure respiratory rate as part of measuring heart rate
Some smooth muscles contain these, which allow for unified contraction and are not found in skeletal muscle
Gap Junctions
Cytochrome P450 reactions comprise this type of biotransformation reaction
MG is often associated with problems in this gland
Thymus
Vitamin C reduces this metal, which is essential for the function of hydroxylase enzymes in collagen synthesis
Iron
Palpating from the lower left quadrant towards the upper right quadrant of the abdomen can be used to determine the location of this organ
Spleen
Malignant Hyperthermia is a genetic defect caused by a leak of this ion during general anesthesia
Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (ATPase must overwork to pump ions back into the SR, generating heat)
This is the net non-urinary output volume of a healthy individual per day
600 mL
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is marked by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in this portion of the spinal cord
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Vitamin D serves this function in bone health (I know this is a vague question, but I'm trying to make y'all actually learn something)
Increases Ca2+ and (PO4)3- in the gut through production of Calbindin (respect if you new the protein name but unnecessary to get this right)
An Anterior Draw Test can determine the health of this structure
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Cardiac muscle cells contain these, which provides end-to-end connections of adjacent cells
Intercalated Discs
The effect of sympathetic activation of sweat glands is believed to also cause dilation of blood vessels by the release of this molecule
Bradykinin
A biopsy of muscle cells in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy would most likely present with these three histological findings
1. Internalized Nuclei
2. Variation in fiber size
3. Infiltration of fat and connective tissue (vacuoles)
This genetic bone disease can cause severe headaches (half points for name and half points for mechanism)
Osteopetrosis
Reduced production or secretion of acid causes reduced bone resorption, leading to thickened bones and increased pressure on cranial nerves
Shoulder pathologies can be diagnosed using these 6 special tests (demonstration is fine)
1. Neer's Test
2. Hawkins Test
3. Empty Can Test
4. Drop Arm Test for Supraspinatus Tear
5. Drop Arm Test for Rotator Cuff Insufficieny
6. Crossover Test for AC Joint Ligament Sprain
Skeletal muscle repolarization is slowed by this phenomenon
K+ ions get trapped in T-Tubules during repolarization, requiring them to slowly diffuse out
Assuming a drug clearance of 5 L/hour and a volume of distribution of 0.8 L/kg, this maintenance dose should be given to an 80-kg patient every 4 hours to maintain a desired state concentration of 25 mg/L
500 mg