Ancient Rome
What are 2 examples of Roman art that has influenced modern day? Define the terms or styles
mosaics, frescoes, cameos, Roman-inspired sculptures
Describe the 5 classes in feudalism and what each class did.
Monarch - owned land, depended on lords and knights, kept order
Lords - given land by monarch in exchange for protection (from knights), local judges
Knights - fought for lords/monarch
Peasants - worked in the fields, paid taxes
Serfs- unfree peasants who had to farm on the lord's land and could not leave the manor
What were the rankings of the officials in the Roman Catholic Church?
pope, cardinal, archbishop, bishop, priest
Why were diseases so common medieval towns?
Unsanitary conditions of the towns
What was Justinian's Code and why was it important?
It was an organized set of laws...modern ideas about liberty and rights came from it
What was Rome like during the height of its empire?
It was generally peaceful
Who was Charlamagne?
This impressive king ruled for over 40 years. He encouraged education and scholarship, making his court a center of culture. Most important, he unified nearly all the Christian lands of Europe into a single empire. One of the poets at his court called him the "King Father of Europe."
Why was the Church such a powerful economic force?
They collected tithes, got donations from the wealthy, and took some land by force.
What led to the growth of towns in medieval times?
Better farming methods resulted in a surplus of crops, so not everyone had to feed themselves
There was a revival of trade
Constantinople has also been known as ___ and ___.
Byzantium
Istanbul, Turkey
What marked the start of the Middle Ages?
The fall of the Roman Empire
What was the divine right of kings?
the belief that God had appointed the monarch
What was the difference between a pilgrim and a crusader? Why motivated them?
Pilgrims went on journeys to holy sites to demonstrate their devotion to God, to perform penance for their sins, or to attempt to cure an illness.
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions to the land where Jesus had lived, which Christians called the Holy Land. Some people went on Crusade to seek wealth, and others to seek adventure. Others went with the belief that doing so would guarantee their salvation. Many Crusaders acted from deep religious belief.
What were the two types of guilds? What did they do?
There were two main kinds of guilds: merchant guilds and craft guilds. All types of craftspeople had their own guilds, from cloth makers to cobblers (who fixed shoes, belts, and other leather goods), to the stonemasons who built the great cathedrals. Merchant guilds controlled trade in a town. Craft guilds controlled the quality of goods.
Constantine moved the capital of Rome to Constan#nople because...
It would be easier to defend
He wanted to be nearer to spiritually and culturally significant ci#es like Jerusalem
What idea about citizenship did the US learn from the Romans?
The idea of citizenship as both a privilege and a responsibility has descended from Roman times to our own.
What were the two stages boys needed to go through to become knights? What did they do in those stages?
page (learning to ride horses, serve ladies, received religious training, learned music) and squire (learned to fight, care for horses, served lords)
Describe confirmation and penance.
confirmation - formal declaration of belief in God.
penance - confession of sins to a priest to receive forgiveness
Who was Joan of Arc?
A 17-year-old peasant girl, known today as Joan of Arc. Joan claimed that she heard the voices of saints urging her to save France.
In 1429, Joan led a French army to victory in the Battle of Orléans (OR-lay-uhn).
Joan of Arc's heroism changed the way many French men and women felt about their king and nation.
The Byzantine Empire can be compared to a(n) ____ because ___. accordion because it expanded and collapsed
accordion because it expanded and collapsed
Name 2 factors that led to the fall of Rome.
large size of empire made protecting it difficult
fighting after an emperor has died, no way to peacefully transfer power
corruption
high taxes, poverty, unemployment
What problems led to the establishment of feudalism? Was it an effective system?
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, life became dangerous and difficult in Western Europe. People worked hard simply to survive and to have enough to eat. They also needed to protect themselves from conquest by invading barbarians and neighboring kingdoms.
Feudalism kept order for 600-900 years in Europe.
Tell the story of the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV. How did it end?
An ambitious leader, he undertook several reforms, such as forbidding priests to marry and outlawing the selling of Church offices (official positions). He also banned the practice whereby kings could appoint priests, bishops, and the heads of monasteries.
Gregory's ruling angered Henry IV. He declared that Gregory was no longer pope.
Gregory responded by excommunicating Henry.
Henry begged forgiveness and was readmitted to the church.
Describe the 3 factors that led to the decline of feudalism
bubonic plague - 1/3 of population died. Workers became more important because there were fewer of them. They could fight for rights and revolt.
Hundred Years' War - rise in nationalism, knights became less important due to invention of English longbow, cannons could destroy castle walls
political developments - commoners started to fight for their own rights, Model Parliament where commoners could have a voice, Magna Carta, trial by jury
What were the 3 stages of the medieval times? What was the time period?
Early Middle Ages (c. 500–1000 CE)
High Middle Ages (c. 1000–1250 CE)
Late Middle Ages (c. 1250–1500 CE)