Government & Power
Which type of government gives a monarch nearly complete political power?
Absolute monarchy (absolutism)
Which three continents were connected by the Atlantic World?
Europe, Asia, and Africa
Which seasonal winds helped merchants travel across the Indian Ocean?
Monsoons
The Mughal Empire ruled much of which present-day country?
India
What title was used for the ruler of the Ottoman Empire?
Sultan
Which French king used the Palace of Versailles to strengthen royal authority?
Louis XIV
What was the Middle Passage?
The forced transatlantic voyage of enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas.
Silver shipped from Acapulco to Manila came from mines in which part of the world?
Mexico (North America)
What title was used for the military ruler who held political power in Tokugawa Japan?
Shogun
What was the Ottoman millet system?
A system allowing certain religious communities to manage some of their own religious and community affairs while obeying Ottoman authority and paying taxes.
What belief claimed that a ruler’s authority came from God?
Divine Right
Under mercantilism, what two economic roles did colonies serve for the country that controlled them?
They supplied raw materials and provided markets for the controlling country’s manufactured goods. Both roles are required.
At Manila, merchants exchanged American silver for Chinese goods. Name two of those goods.
Tea, Silk, Porcelain
Name one of Akbar’s policies that encouraged religious cooperation, and explain how it strengthened Mughal rule.
He eliminated the jizya, appointed Hindus to government positions, or allied with Hindu rulers. These policies encouraged cooperation and reduced resistance to Mughal rule. Require a policy and its effect.
Who were the Janissaries?
An elite Ottoman military force that defended the empire and supported the sultan’s central authority. Require both identity and role.
How did requiring nobles to spend time at Versailles help Louis XIV centralize power?
He could monitor powerful nobles, reduce their independence, and make them compete for royal favor instead of challenging him.
Identify two ways European colonial expansion harmed Indigenous peoples in the Americas.
Any two: deadly introduced diseases; loss of land and resources; loss of political independence; forced labor or conquest.
Why did China’s demand for silver create economic interdependence with Spanish America?
China relied on imported silver for taxes and business, while Spanish American producers and merchants relied on Chinese demand and access to Asian goods. Their economic activity became linked.
How did the Canton System let Qing China benefit from European trade while limiting foreign influence?
Most European maritime trade was restricted to Canton and conducted through approved Chinese merchants. China continued exporting valuable goods and receiving silver while officials supervised foreign access.
How did access to the gold trade and imported firearms help Ashanti expand its power?
Gold trade supplied wealth, and imported firearms reinforced Ashanti military organization. These resources helped rulers defeat rivals and gain territory and trade routes.
Identify one similarity between Louis XIV’s control of nobles and the Tokugawa shogunate’s control of daimyo.
Both used attendance at a political center to control potential rivals: nobles at Versailles and daimyo spending alternating periods in Edo. Monitoring powerful elites and limiting their independence strengthened the ruler’s authority.
Explain how Atlantic commerce could enrich European merchants while harming enslaved Africans. Give one specific economic benefit and one human cost.
Example: selling plantation sugar or tobacco generated profits, while enslaved Africans suffered forced labor, violence, and the loss of freedom. Require one specific benefit and one human cost.
Give two causes of the Great Divergence: one internal European advantage and one advantage gained through overseas expansion.
Internal: coal, capital, competition among states, or scientific and technological innovation. Overseas: colonial raw materials, markets, land, or wealth produced through enslaved labor. Require one from each group.
Compare Tokugawa Japan and Qing China.
Japan restricted foreign influence while allowing controlled Chinese and Dutch trade. Qing China used Canton and approved merchants to supervise European trade. Both sought to protect government authority and limit outside influence. Neither ended all trade.
Explain the cycle linking European demand for enslaved labor, warfare in West Africa, and imported firearms.
Demand for enslaved labor encouraged the sale of captives taken in warfare. Rulers and traders could exchange captives for firearms, which could support further warfare and produce more captives. The cycle enriched some participants while harming people and communities.