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The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. The amount of blood put out by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction is called the stroke volume. The stroke volume and the heart rate determine ______ _______
What is Cardiac output?
Dehydration fluid loss creates a hypertonic state within the ICF and cardiac output is decreased. What mechanisms would the body use to combat this to try and maintain perfusion despite the fluid loss?
What are ADH, RAAS, and vasoconstriction
__________ is the best indicator of kidney function
What is Creatinine?
__________ fluid loss is the amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured, from the respiratory system, skin, and water in the excreted stool. The exact amount is unmeasurable
What is Insensible?
Sodium normal range (Na+) is?
What is 135-145
What is the Cardiac output formula
CO = HR x SV
What should you assess if you suspect hypovolemia/dehydration?
What is Skin /Mucous Membranes – dry, Decreased Mentation/Confusion, Veins–Hands/neck – flat, Edema, Blood Pressure Heart rate – tachycardia ( trying to maintain cardiac output)
Cardiac hormone, ____ is released when atrial pressure increases and acts acutely to reduce plasma volume by at least 3 mechanisms: This counteracts the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by decreasing BP and reducing intravascular blood volume
What is ANP?
___________fluid losses refer to typical routes of excretion such as urination and defecation. Insensible losses refer to other routes of fluid loss
What is sensible?
Potassium (K+) normal range is?
What is 3.5-5.0
____ ______ can be calculated by subtracting the end-systolic volume from the end-diastolic volume
What is Stroke Volume?
__________ is fluid overload due to CHF, Kidney failure, and pregnancy
Hypervolemia
Most important electrolyte/mineral in regulating the volume of body fluid?
What is sodium?
Oral intake is controlled by the thirst center, located in which of the following cerebral areas?
What is the Hypothalamus?
What is the Anion Gap formula?
AG= sodium - (Cl+ Bicarb)
___________ is the amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction. This is recorded as the systolic pressure of the heart. ( the slingshot is being released)
What is Afterload?
Hypervolemia s/s and assessment
Hypertension, Bounding pulse, JVD, Peripheral edema,↑ urine output that is dilute, Acute, rapid weight gain, S3 heart sound in adults, Crackles on auscultation, cough, and increased RR, Mental status changes (headache, confusion, lethargy; seizures possible), Decreased GI motility
Electrolytes are measured using which fluid?
what is ECF/Plasma
The heart's role in fluid regulation?
The pumping action of the heart circulates blood through the kidneys under sufficient pressure to allow for urine formation. Failure of pumping interferes with renal perfusion and thus with water and electrolyte regulation
The major electrolyte in ICF
What is Potassium
__________ is the force that stretches the cardiac muscle prior to contraction. This force is composed of the volume that fills the heart from venous return also known as the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
( the pulling back of the slingshot)
What is Preload?
How to treat Hypervolemia
diuretics Loop, osmotic
limit sodium/fluid intake Po
reduce IV fluids
monitor skin Edema
reposition q2hr
Weigh patient daily- a gain of 2.2= 1L of fluid
Avoid OTC's that contain sodium
Monitor for electrolyte imbalance related to diuretics
support arms/legs- decrease dependent edema
Electrolytes are? what...
What are Ions that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance... Cations/Anions
Kidneys role in maintaining fluid balance?
Regulation of fluid volume, electrolytes, pH, and body waste
Magnesium normal range is?
what is 1.8-3.0