Pre-Columbian Indians
Indians in arid environments changed altered their environments to make their land more suitable for farming (especially in the American Southwest) by using this technique of artificial water movement
Irrigation
The three primary motivations for Spanish colonization (hint: they all start with G)
God, Glory, and Gold
The introduction of this animal was beneficial to the Native Americans when it came to hunting, warfare, and trading
Horses
Most European serfs/peasants worked as
Farmers
Of the five major colonizing nations, this country usually held the best relations with Native Americans in part because many of its settlers learned Native American languages, inter-married within tribes, traded furs, and most importantly came in relatively few numbers. (Hint, they used to control Canada and Louisiana)
France
The growing and cultivation of this crop was a staple of Native American life and diets, exemplified in the "Green Corn Festival" (Hint: It's nickname is Corn)
Maize
Converting Native Americans to Christianity were the primary purposes of these Spanish settlers. (Hint: San Diego Padres)
Missions/Missionaries
As a result of the introduction of new crops via the exchange, people from this continent experienced a better diet and usually longer lifespans.
Europe
Most European farm workers did not own the land they worked, land was mostly owned by
The Church or Nobility (rich)
The Dutch allowed people of all religions and races* to work in New Amsterdam. The idea of permitting the practice of all religions is called
Religious Toleration
This is the site of the former capital of the Aztec Empire (located at present day Mexico City)
Tenochtitlan
These types of companies were formed by investors in 17th century England for the purpose of trading goods found/grown in the New World. The most famous of which is the semi-successful "Virginia Company"
Joint-Stock Companies
The introduction of this led to the population of Native Americans to be near destroyed following the first contact between Europeans and Native Americans
Diseases
The primary religion of Europe
Christianity
He is the namesake of the Columbian Exchange
Christopher Columbus
DAILY DOUBLE: The name for the site at which Native Americans met to trade goods, in which people built mounds for religious and trade purposes, suggesting they had a complex, stratified society
Cahokia
The Netherlands made an attempt to colonize this location in North America to expand their commercial and mercantile network. It was later taken under threat of force by Britain
New York/New Amsterdam
The name for the Spanish labor system in which settlers or conquistadors could petition the Spanish monarchy for land and forced Native American labor
Encomienda
These are the Five Major colonizing countries in Europe (You must name at least 3 of them)
England, France, Spain, Portugal, and The Netherlands
Conquistadors came from which country?
Spain
The name for Indians who lived in the Southwest, built irrigation systems, and built "Pueblos"
Puebloans
These people volunteered to leave England in search of a better life and social mobility (the ability to get rich), at the cost of years of hard, dangerous labor (or die trying)
Indentured Servants
Bartolome de las Casa's "Defense of the Indians" along with rampant diseases led to the practice of Encomienda to be replaced by
Enslavement of Africans
The two major sects or branches in Christianity are
Roman Catholicism and Protestantism
The treaty in which the Pope cut the New World into 2 parts in which Portugal received Brazil and Spain received the rest of the new world is called
Treaty of Tordesillas