Schools of Thought
He opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, launching scientific psychology.
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
This perspective, championed by John Watson and B.F. Skinner, says psychology should only study observable behaviors, not the unconscious mind.
What is behaviorism?
This research method manipulates variables in a controlled setting to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
What is an experiment?
This is the variable that the researcher manipulates.
What is the independent variable?
After your team wins, you say you “knew it all along.” This is an example of this bias.
What is hindsight bias?
This type of data describes qualities or characteristics, such as interview responses.
What is qualitative data?
Before participating, individuals must agree to a study after being told its purpose, risks, and benefits.
What is informed consent?
Wundt trained subjects in this method—reporting their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli.
What is introspection?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers emphasized free will and self-actualization in this school of thought.
What is the humanistic perspective?
In this method, researchers watch subjects in their natural environment without interference.
What is naturalistic observation?
This group does not receive the treatment and provides a baseline for comparison.
What is the control group?
Paying attention only to evidence that supports your belief, while ignoring the rest, demonstrates this bias.
What is confirmation bias?
This measure of central tendency is the arithmetic average.
What is the mean?
This committee reviews research with human participants to ensure it meets ethical standards.
What is the IRB (Institutional Review Board)?
Published in 1890, this foundational text helped define functionalism.
What is The Principles of Psychology?
A psychologist studying why phobias may have been useful for human survival is using this perspective.
What is the evolutionary perspective?
This research method involves gathering self-report data through interviews or questionnaires.
What is survey research?
Placing participants to groups by chance helps eliminate individual differences.
What is random assignment?
When participants change their behavior simply because they know they’re being observed, this effect occurs.
What is the Hawthorne effect?
This measure of variability shows how much scores differ, on average, from the mean.
What is the standard deviation?
Keeping participant information private is known as this.
What is confidentiality?
This school argued “the whole experience is more than the sum of its parts,” influencing the study of perception.
What is Gestalt psychology?
This perspective focuses on how people interpret, process, and remember information.
What is the cognitive perspective?
This type of in-depth investigation focuses on one individual or a small group, often revealing rare phenomena.
What is a case study?
A clear, specific statement of how a variable will be measured in a study.
What is an operational definition?
A participant lies on a survey to look “better” or more acceptable. This is this type of bias.
What is social desirability bias (participant bias)?
This visual uses adjacent bars to show frequency distributions of continuous data.
What is a histogram?
Sometimes researchers must mislead participants, but afterward they must provide this.
What is debriefing?
This psychoanalytic concept describes pushing anxiety-provoking thoughts into the unconscious.
What is repression?
A psychologist believes that childhood experiences and repressed memories shape adult behavior.
What is the psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) perspective?
If participants are not randomly assigned to groups, the study is considered this type of research design.
What is a quasi-experiment?
In an experiment, you first obtain this from the population, then use random assignment to create groups.
What is a random sample?
This type of bias occurs when some groups are over- or under-represented, making results misleading.
What is sampling bias?
In psychology, results are typically considered statistically significant if the p-value is this or lower.
(Be precise in your answer.)
What is .05?
The two core ethical principles guiding psychologists are beneficence (do good) and this, which means avoiding harm.
What is nonmaleficence?