History
Where did the student strikes for Ethnic Studies take place?
San Francisco State University/College
What is cultural pluralism?
The idea that differences in people’s behavior come from cultural contexts and values, not from biology
What are the two frameworks that Gualtieri says judges used to interpret the racial requirements for U.S. citizenship?
1. Common Knowledge
2. Congressional Intent
Who was the president of SFSU during the student strikes?
S.I. Hayakawa
Name at least 1 of the 4 main functions of counter-stories
1. They create community and solidarity among people living at the margins of society
2. They question and push back against the dominant ideas or narratives
3. They provide new ways of seeing and understanding the lived realities of marginalized groups
4. They show that blending elements of story and lived experience can help imagine a world richer and more just than either one on its own
Identify the year and length of time the student strikes occured for the fight for Ethnic Studies
1968, 5 months
According to Bebout, how is “whiteness” understood in everyday speech compared to how it is defined in American and Cultural Studies?
Everyday speech: used to define an identity
American/Cultural studies: Everyday systems and structures of white supremacy
According to Roderick Ferguson, why were some ideas of race that came after the civil rights era limited?
They lack intersectionality (especially in relation to gender and sexuality), upholding traditional systems of patriarchy and heteronormativity
Who coined the term intersectionality?
Kimberlé Crenshaw
Name at least 2 of the debates Hu-DeHart identifies that exist within the field of Ethnic Studies
1. It's not fully institutionalized
2. It's not a stabilized field
3. It causes turf wars with other traditional disciplines
What are the 2 pseudo-sciences that emerged to "prove" that race is biological?
1. Eugenics
2. Social Darwinism
What is intersectionality?
A framework for understanding how different aspects of a person’s identity (such as race, gender, class, sexuality, ability, and more) interact and overlap to shape their experiences of privilege and oppression, OR
A framework that helps us see how multiple forms of inequality and identity are interconnected, rather than separate
What are the 2 assumptions and 1 ideal Moya and Markus identify as why people still feel uncomfortable talking about race?
2 Assumptions:
1. Race is biological
2. The individual is the source of all thought, feeling, and action
1 ideal:
1. All people are created equal
What was the significance of Bhagat Singh Thind's Supreme Court case in 1923?
The Supreme Court rejected his claim to whiteness, ruling that although Indians were considered “Caucasian”, they were not “white” in the common sense understood by the average American
Name at least 4 out of the 6 settler moves to innocence identified by Tuck and Yang
1. Settler nativism
2. Settler adoption fantasy
3. Colonial equivocation
4. Conscientization
5. At risk-ing/Asterisk-ing Indigenous peoples
6. Re-occupation and urban homesteading
This Act was used to justify denying entry or citizenship to certain groups of people from the so-called “barred zones”
The Act of 1917
What are cultural deficit models?
The belief that students of color struggle in school because their home cultures lack the “right” values, framing them as deficient instead of recognizing systemic inequities
What does Dunbar-Ortiz mean by the phrase “culture of conquest” in her discussion of Western colonialism?
“Culture of conquest” refers to the mindset and system in Western colonialism that justified taking land, enslaving people, and using violence by framing these actions as natural, necessary, or even righteous
Which scholar do Tuck and Yang note is often misinterpreted as reducing decolonization to conscientization?
Paulo Freire
How does Dunbar-Ortiz connect the English enclosure movement to the broader “culture of conquest”?
She argues that enclosure was an early form of conquest within Europe: peasants were dispossessed of common lands, criminalized when they resisted, and women targeted through witch hunts