Unit 1
What is the purpose of repeating experiments?
To ensure reliability
The number of ____ equals the atomic number
protons
What are the 4 emergent properties of water?
1. Cohesion
2.Modertion of temperature
3. Expansion as a solid
4. Highly versatile solvent
5. Adhesion
6. Surface tension
What are 3 non-covalent bonds we talk about?
1. Hydrogen, 2. ionic, 3. Van der Waals, 4. Hydrophobic
Sugar ranges from simple to complex. Name them from simple to complex
Monosaccharides - single sugar - Ex: Glucose
Disaccharides - two sugars - Ex: Sucrose, Lactase
Polysaccharides - multiple sugars (complex sugars) - Ex: Starch
Name the all steps to the scientific method
1. Formulate a question and research literature for current knowledge
2.Form a hypothesis and make predictions about your expectations
3.Design and conduct laboratory experiments to answer questions
4.Analyze data
5.Draw conclusions
6. Communicate findings
What is the main difference between polar and non-polar bonds and why?
Electronegativity, polar bonds share electrons unequally while non-polar bond have equal electrons
greater Electronegativity = stronger electron attraction
To be soluble, a compounds must have accessible ____ groups
polar, compounds must be polar to mix with water which is also polar
EX: oil does not mix with water
What is the difference between ionic bonds and covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds share electrons while ionic bonds transfer them to a different atom
What is the relationship between monomers and polymers? What process do we use to create and break polymer? which requires energy?
A monomer is a building block that makes up the polymer
What is the purpose of a control group?
To ensure no other factors influence result
Why do electrons orbit around the nucleus?
The electrons are attracted to the protons in the nucleus. Thats what leads the atom to being neutral.
What is a buffer?
They are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of Ht and OH in a solution
When do hydrogen bonds occur?
When you have two polar molecules and both have a partial charges
or
The difference in charge between slightly positive hydrogen ions and other, slightly negative ions
What are the 4 large biological molecules? What are the monomer of each?
Lipids - glycerol & fatty acids
Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
Proteins - amino acids
Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
What is an independent variable?
The thing you will manipulate to see the effect onthe dependent variable, independent variable is the cause.
compounds are 2 or more different elements joined together while molecules are two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds
**All Compounds are Molecules, but not all Molecules are Compounds
A molecule that lost the proton is now a ______ while a molecule with the extra proton is now a _______
hydroxide ion (OH-), hydronium ion (H+)
Hydrogen bonds are most stable in which form of water?
solid water - most stable, H-bonds stable
liquid water - H-bonds break & reform
gas water - H-bonds can't form
What process do we use to create and break polymers? Which requires energy?
Dehydration: synthesizing a polymer
Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
Dehydration uses energy
What should a good Hypothesis have?
Why the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable and provide a means to test this relationship.
What determines the chemical behavior of the atom
The Valence Shell
Atoms with unfilled outer shells are reactive, as they seek to gain, lose, or share electrons.
What is a base
What is an acid?
A base is a substance that reduces the H+ (hydrogen ion) concentration of a solution
An acid is a substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
What causes a Van der Waals interaction?
uneven distributions of electron, one side is has electrons piled up leaving a the other side positive allowing them to have fleeting interaction with other molecules.
What are the 7 functional groups?
hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), carbonyl (>C=O, as in aldehydes/ketones), amino (-NH₂), sulfhydryl (-SH), phosphate (-OPO₃²⁻), and methyl (-CH₃)