Experiments & Correlations
What is the difference between an IV and DV?
IV is the different conditions that you are manipulating. DV is what you are measuring.
Case studies study one rare person/group, and they use triangulation to do this. What is meant by "triangulation".
Using experiment, self-report, AND observation to study someone.
Name the 7 human ethical guidelines
What are the 3 measures of central tendency?
Mean, median, and mode
If participants are told the aim of a study, why might that be a problem for validity?
It will increase demand characteristics. DO NOT SAY SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS.
What type of correlation would show that as 1 variable increases, the other one decreases?
Negative
Longitudinal studies are good because they limit participant variables and because you can see cause-and-effect, but they are practically hard to do. What is the other type of experiment called?
Outline 1 strength and 1 weakness of volunteer sampling
S - Participants will actually do the study; fairly easy
W - Demand characteristics (because the type of people who volunteer may be the type who will change their behavior); Low Generalizability (because the type of people who volunteer are specific)
What type of hypothesis is this: "Andrade believes that people who doodle will concentrate better than those who do not"
One-tailed alternative
What is the difference between ecological validity and generalizability?
Ecological validity is how the setting of the study is applicable to the real world. Generalizability is how the sample (participants) of a study are applicable to the population.
If my study is about "level of anxiety" someone feels on a rollercoaster, how could I measure my DV?
CAN ESSENTIALLY SAY ANYTHING, as long as it is operationalized.
Would a naturalistic or controlled observation increase ecological validity? Why?
Naturalistic because that is in their normal environment, so it is applicable to the real world.
What is the difference between opportunity and random sampling?
Opportunity - pulling from people around you
Random - pulling names from a hat/number generator from the ENTIRE POPULATION
What is meant by "standard deviation"?
How varied/different everyone's scores are from the mean.
What is meant by operationalization?
Clearly defining and giving detail about how we will manipulate and measure variables.
How would an unstructured interview increase internal validity?
It would allow for more details from the participant
Name the 6 animal ethical guidelines AND define one of them
based on these features, which graph should you draw?: # of people who scored 1-20, 21-40, 41-60, & 61-80 on a test
Histogram
What 2 things can you always discuss as ways to increase reliability?
Standardization and interrater/interobserver reliability
What are the 3 experimental designs? AND which would you use to reduce participant variables?
Independent Measures, Repeated Measures, and Matched Pairs. BOTH RM and MP can reduce participant variables.
Name the 4 features of an observation (so you should say 8 words)
Overt vs. covert; Naturalistic vs. controlled; Structured vs. unstructured; Participant vs. non-participant
Exactly HOW does a random sample increase generalizability?
It allows us to pull from the entire population, rather than one specific subsection, so we have the best chance at a diverse sample
What is on the y-axis on a: 1) histogram, 2) bar chart, AND 3) scatter graph?
1) # of people/ % of people (frequency)
2) Mean/median of your quantitative data
3) your quantitative data
What are 3 ways you can increase internal validity?
Can say a lot of things. Some ideas:
Decreasing demand characteristics, adding filler questions, using qualitative data (because it is more detailed), using objective data (because it does not need to be interpreted), controlling for situational and participant variables, limiting order effects, etc.